Ivor Cole's Wireless Course Notes

Ivor Cole's Wireless Course Notes

A notebook completed by Ivor during his training. At the end are eight pages of newspaper cuttings of operations that Ivor took part in.

A book with 60 handwritten sheets plus eight pages of newspaper cuttings

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MColeFIG1817994-180214-04

THIS BOOK BELONGS TO

1817994 COLE F.I.G.
81, NORMAN STREET
MELTON MOWBRAY
LEICESTERSHIRE.

[Underlined] TECHNICAL WIRELESS. [/underlined]

[Underlined] NATURE OF ELECTRICITY. [/underlined]

An Electron Revolves Round the Protons, THe only Difference with Different materials is the no of Electrons and Protons.

[Diagrams]

Other Substances may Have Atoms Consisting of many Electrons Revolving around many Protons and in this Case the outer Electrons are easly [sic] moved from one Atom to the next these are Called Free Electrons.

If the free Electrons are forced to move so that a flow of Electrons occur then the Result is an Electric Current.

The force wHicH is applied to remove these

[Page break]

Electrons is Called the (ELECTRIC MOTIVE FORCE ) (E.M.F.)

[Underlined] CLOSED CIRCUIT. [/underlined]

Is a Circuit in wHicH there is a Complete path of Conducting material.

[Underlined] OPEN CIRCUIT. [/underlined]

Is a Circuit in wHicH there is not a Complete PatH of Conducting material.

[Diagrams]

[Underlined] RESISTANCE. [/underlined]

The thinner a peice [sic] of wire the more Resistance. The longer a peice [sic] of wire the more resistance. The more free Electrons the Easier the Path.

[Underlined] (a) Least Resistance. (b) Lot of Resistance. [/underlined]

(a) Silver (b) Wood
(a) Copper (b) Ebonite
(a) Lead (b) Glass.
(a) Iron
(a) Carbon

Resistance =(Opposition to Current Flow.)

The Resistance of a Conductor will Be Governed By.

[Page break]

THree things 1/ The thinner the Conductor the HigHer the Resistance. 2./ The Longer the Conductor the HigHer the Resistance. 3./ The Substance of wHicH the Conductor is made, wHetHer or not it Has many free Electrons.

[Underlined] ELECTRICAL UNITS. [/underlined]

[Underlined] THE VOLT.. [sic] [/underlined] Is the unit of Electrical Pressure = (E.M.F.)

[Underlined] THE AMP. [/underlined] Is the Unit of Electron. or Current flow = [calculation] is a flow 6,000,000,000,000,000,000. m = mili

[Underlined] THE OHM. [/underlined] Is the unit of Resistance. M = mega

MEGA = A million MILLI = A, THOUSANDTH [inserted] 1/1,000 [/inserted] PART OF. [symbol] = micro.

KILO = A. THousand MICRO = A MILLIONTH PART OF. 1/10,000,000

[Underlined] CHEMCIAL EFFECT OF AN ELECTIC [sic] CURRANT. [sic] [/underlined]

Use a strip of Copper and Tin, Connect the Copper to the positive and the peice which is wanted for plating to the negative, wHen Connected to the Battery the two peices dipped into the jar of Copper Sulphate the Result is that the tin will turn Copper.

[Underlined] THE CHEMICAL EFFECT ON ELECTRICITY. [/underlined]

The Chemical Produce an (E.M.F.) but not if the materials in use are the same.

Electrolyte A (Substance) Solution wHicH Conducts Electricity. ([symbol])[symbol]A veriable [sic] resistance.)

[Underlined] RESISTANCE. [/underlined]

The resistance of a Conductor = THe more Electrons the

[Page break]

poorer the Resistance, THe thicker the wire the Lesser Resistance.

[Underlined] FUSE WIRE. [/underlined]

Made of Bismirth [sic], Lead, and tin, Low melting Point.

[Diagram] AN AMETRE [sic] IS A DEVICE FOR MEASUREING [sic] ELECTRON FLOW WHICH IS MEASURERED [sic] DIRECTLY IN AMPS = [calculation] = ELECTRONS.

[Underlined] OHMS LAW. [/underlined]

States that in any Circuit the Current flow will Be Directly proportional to the voltage and inveriable [sic] to the Resistance. [Formula] [Diagram]

Where I = Current in Amps
Where V = Voltage in Volts
Where R = Resistance in Ohms.

[Diagram]

[Calculations]

[Formulae]

[Page break]

[Underlined] RESISTANCE IN SERIES. [/underlined]

[Diagram] [Formula]

Resistance in Series means that the effective R. as got more

[Underlined] RESISTANCE IN PARRAELL. [sic] [/underlined]

[Diagram] Resistance in parrell [sic] means that the Effective Resistance Has got Less

[Underlined] MEASURING INSTRUMENTS. [/underlined]

[Underlined] THE HOT WIRE AMMETRE. [sic] [/underlined]

[Diagram] 1./ measures Current flow in either Direction equualy [sic] well.
2./ Cramped scale at zero end.
3./ Pointer Reads maximum if Burnt out
4./ Spring to keep Hot wire at even tension

Wire becomes Hot and expands when Current flows through it.

[Page break]

[Underlined] MOVING COIL AMMETRE. [sic] [/underlined]

WHEN METRE [sic] BURNS OUT [underlined] ARROW POINTS TO ZERO. [/underlined]

[Diagram]

[Diagram]

[Formulae] [Diagram]

[Diagram]

[Calculation]

[Page break]

(a) Conductors (b) Insulators.

(a) Silver (b) Cotton
(a) Copper (b) Fabric
(a) Brass (b) Celluloid
(a) Steel (b) paxolin
(a) Tin (b) Ebonite
(a) Zinc (b) Rubber
(a) Aluminium (b) Mica [symbol] Can stand against Heat
(a) Carbon (b) Parsoleen [symbol] is used for insulator on wireless Airiels [sic].

[Underlined] THE R.A.F. PRIMARY CELL. [/underlined]

[Diagram]

A primary Cell Converts CHemical energy into Electrical energy. During use the CHemicals in the Cell are Consumed, so that when the Cell is DiscHarged new CHemicals must be used. THe Cell will Have a sHelf life, when testing the voltage must always Be measured “on load”

[Page break]

[Underlined] THE INERT CELL. [/underlined] is a primary Cell wHicH has Been Assembled in a Dry state wHen it will keep indefinitely. It Has no (E.M.F.) until it Has Been Activated By Adding Tap water, wHen it Becomes an ordinary Cell. (I.E. it will Have a sHelf life).

[Underlined] THE R.A.F. SECONDARY CELL. [/underlined]

Lead Acid Accumulators.

[diagram] [diagram]

[Underlined] VOLT METRE. [/underlined]

If you Connect the metre up to the [indecipherable word]: and if the needle points to the rigHt then the spike must Be on positive, if it points to the left then the spike must Be on negative.

S.G. is the [inserted] weigHt of a Certain volume of [/inserted] Solution devided [sic] By the same weigHt of same volume of [deleted] solution [/deleted] water.

[Page break]

[Underlined] SECONDRY [sic] CELL. [/underlined]

Depend like primary Cells on Chemical Action but Can be recHarged by passing a Current througH them in the opposite Direction from some external supply.

[Underlined] ACCUMALATORS [sic] [/underlined]

or Lead acid Accumalators [sic] Have an (E.M.F.) of 2 volts on Load THe Larger the Acc. the Larger will Be its Capacity

Capacity of An Acc. is the Quantity of Electricity (AMPHERE HOURS) wHicH is available wHen fully CHarged down to 1.8 volts on Load. Ampere Hours = AMPS x HOURS.

2V20 A.H.
= 1 AMP = 20 HOURS but just a bit more of it is over 10 If it is Less than 10 then you take a bit off.

[Underlined] SECONDARY CELLS. [/underlined]

10 Hour rate is the Current flow in Amps, wHicH will Discharge the Accumalator to 1.8 volts on Load in 10 Hours

Connecting Accs in parrel and in series.

[Diagram] [diagram]

When Connected in series the voltage adds on but the Capacity remains the same.

[Page break]

[Underlined] IN PARALLEL. [/underlined]

[Diagram]

When in parallel the Capacity adds on and the voltage remains the same.

[Underlined] CHARGING ACCUMALATORS. [/underlined]

[Underlined] THE TYPE B. CHARGING BOARD. [/underlined]

[Diagram]

WHen Charging Accs: always follow the makers instructions but if these are not available always CHarge at the 10 Hour Rate.

WILL CHARGE UP TO 12 CELLS ON ONE LEAD AS SHOWN ABOVE

[Page break]

[Underlined] VOLTAGES OF A LEAD ACID CELL. [/underlined]

1/ Voltage fully CHarged and still on CHarge = 2.5 Volts.
2/ Voltage fully CHarged and off CHarge = 2.1 volts to 2.2 volts
3/ Voltage wHen fully Charged on Load = 2.0 volts.
4/ Voltage DisscHarged [sic] on Load = 1.8 volts.

When CHarging, the voltage of surply [sic] must Be at Least 3 volts for each Cell.

Cells are Considered fully CHarged when the plates are gassing Freely and the voltage and the S.G. Have remained Constant for one Hour.

[Underlined] THE PERMENANT. [sic] MAGNET. [/underlined]

Is a piece of Iron or steel in wHicH the molicules [sic] are so arranged that all there [sic] north Poles are in one Direction.

One end of the Bar will Have a north magnetic Pole the other end a south magnetic Pole, and lines of magnetic force will Be present around the magnet.

Hard steel is difficult to magnetize because the molicules [sic] only CHange there [sic] formation with Difficulty But once magnetized it tends to Be a permanent magnet.

Soft Iron is easly [sic] magnetized but Quickly losses [sic] its magnetizum [sic].

Alike magnetic Poles repel Disimiler [sic] Poles Attract.

[Page break]

[Underlined] INITIAL CHARGE [/underlined]

CHeck Accumulator for Damage.

1/ Read makers instructions
2/ SHort first CHarge

A/ Break seals over Cell vents, remove vents and make sure they are Clear.
B/ Fill Cells to Correct Level with Electrolyte S.G. 1.270 and allow to stand for 8 to 12 Hours.
C/ make good Acid soakage By topping up with some more Acid S.G. 1.270 to 3/16 above seperators. [sic]
D/ CHarge at normal rate for 16 Hours Continuously (sometimes the CHarge may be interrupted) and in this Case until all plates are gassing freely and P.D. and S.G. Have remained Constant for 5 Hours, If Current Has to Be reduced, CHarge for proportionally longer time.
E/ DiscHarge Electrolyte refill with fresH S.G. 1.270 and CHarge for about 1 Hour
F/ Adjust S.G. to 1.270 if necessary by Addition of Distilled water or stronger (never Concentrated) acid is required.

[Underlined] ACID MIXING. [/underlined]

Take a reseptical [sic] wHicH is uneffected [sic] By acid (EG Porcelain) fill it about Half full of distilled water.

From now on Rubber gloves, goggles and Apron must Be worn. Add the Concentrated Acid slowly and stir with a

[Page break]

Glass Rod, Great Heat is envolved [sic] and sHould the mixture tend to Boil further Additions of Acid must be posponed [sic] until the liquid is Cooled.

WHen about 1 part of Acid to 3 parts of water, the S.G. is tested with an Hydrometre [sic], if it is nearly 1.270 small Additions of Acid or water may Be Added to Bring it up to this figure, in Case of fire (Acc Lab) use the Carbon tetracHloride extinguisHer.

[Underlined] IF ACID IS SPILT. [/underlined]

A/ on the floor = soake [sic] up with sawdust then paint the Damp spot with sodium ByCarbinate [sic].
B/ on the Clothes use Amonia [sic].
C/ In the Aircraft neutralize if Possible, inform the Pilot if During flight or the N.C.O. in CHarge of signals if on the Ground.
D/ In the eyes wash out with water and (“eye solution”) and report sick.

[Underlined] ACCUMALATOR [sic] FAULTS. [/underlined]

[Underlined] SUPLPHATION (Cause) [/underlined]

DiscHarging below 1.8 volts on load, Allowing to stand in DiscHarged Condition, failing to CHarge Completely

[Underlined] RECOGNITION. [/underlined]

Cell Loses most of its Capacity, gets very Hot on CHarge S.G. fails to rise on CHarge. (Cure Doubtful)

[Page break]

very long CHarge. at about 1/3 of the normal rate, if S.G. Rises sulpHation is Being Cured.

[Underlined] SHEDDING OF ACTING MATERIAL [/underlined]

Accurs [sic] to a slight extent in the normal life of a Cell, will be grately [sic] increased by vibrating or overHeating

The Cell temperature sHould not exceed 110°F.

[Underlined] WATT. [/underlined]

1 Horse Power = 746 watts

[Underlined] TESTING CAPACITY OF AN ACC. [/underlined]

[Diagram]

If an Acc. reads less than 60% of its Capacity it is no further use for Aircraft

[Underlined] PREFLIGHT INSPECTION. [/underlined]

1/ make sure the Acc. isn’t Cracked or Leaking Acid.
2/ Ensure acid Level 3/16” above seperaters [sic].

[Page break]

3/ Test to ensure fully Charged (IE. = S.G. 1.270 voltage on Load for 5 minutes = 2 volts.

4/ Test unspillable [sic] vent, Blow through the Hole, invert the Cell for 1 minute no leakage sHould Accur [sic].

5/ Dry the Cell from moisture, Clean Terminals and lightly vasolene [sic] them to prevent CHorozion [sic].

6/ By Consulting Record make sure Accs Capacity is over 60% of its Capacity.

[Underlined] Faraday’s Law. [/underlined]

If a Conductor moves so that magnetic Lines of force are Cut on E.M.F. will be induced into the Conductor.

The Direction of the E.M.F. will Depend upon the Direction of Cutting.

[Underlined] The Transformer. [/underlined]

Consists of a primary winding and a Secondry [sic] winding on a Soft Iron Core [diagram]

WHen an Alternating Current flows througH the primary winding a CHarging magnetic field is produced wHicH will induce an E.M.F. in the secondry [sic] Coil The size of the E.M.F. will Depend upon the Ratio of secondry turns to primary turns i E. if twice as many turn on secondry the induced voltage will Be twice the Primary voltage.

[Page break]

[Underlined] THE GENERATOR [/underlined]

Converts mecHanical power into Electrical power. (1 Horse power = 746 WATTS.)

[Underlined] THE ALTERNATOR. [/underlined]

Consists of Conductors wound upon a soft Iron [deleted] Coil [/deleted] Armeture [sic] Connected to slip rings, When the Armeture [sic] revolves an Alternating (Current E.M.F.) is produced (By Faradays Law) wHicH is fed via the slip rings and Brushes to the output terminals.

[Underlined] THE DYNAMOE. [sic] [/underlined]

Construction similar to Alternator except that a Comutator Converts the A.C. in the Armeture windings to D.C. at the output terminals.

[Underlined] ELECTRIC MOTOR [/underlined]

Converts Electrical power into mecHanical power Construction similar to Dynamoe [sic] in fact most simple motors and Dynamoes will work as either.

[Underlined] STARTERS (Back E.M.F.) [/underlined]

Any Electrical motor wHen Running at speed produces a Back E.M.F. and it is this wHicH keeps the Current flow Down to normal.

STARTERS.

At the moment of starting there will Be no Back E.M.F. so a resistance must be placed in series

[Page break]

with the Armeture [sic] windings to prevent an exsecive [sic] Current flow.

When the macHine [sic] speeds up, the resistance Can Be sHorted out Because the Back E.M.F. will Limit the Current [indecipherable word]

[Underlined] ELECTRIC MOTOR. [/underlined]

[Diagram]

[Underlined] MOTOR GENORATOR [sic]. [/underlined]

A petrol rag is used to Clean the Commutator, motor Genorators [sic] are used to CHange AC to D.C. (for CHarging services) or to CHange DC of 1 voltage to another voltage E.G. power units 32. 33. 34 35.

To economise weigHt and space the M.G. Consists of one pair of Pole pieces and one Armeture [sic], THe motor Armeture [sic] winding is Connected to the [underlined] input [/underlined] Commutator.

THe Armeture also Carries one or more Addition winding (insulated from motor windings) wHicH Connect to seperate [sic] Commutators.

[Underlined] MAINTAINANCE [sic]. [/underlined]

Clean Commutators with petrol rag, new Brushes Carbon Dust and Copper Dust is material used to make Commutators

[Page break]

must be Bedded in with fine glass paper.

[Underlined] A.C. MAINS. [/underlined]

This means that the Current in the Circuit’s first in one Direction then in the other and is produced By reversing the Polarity of the Circuit E.M.F. a certain number of times per second.

The Current will rise from zero to maximum and returning to zero first in one Direction, then in the other this is Known as one Cycle

[Diagram]

The number of Complete Cycles accuring [sic] in a second is Known as the frequency and in Radio will accur [sic] many millions of times per second.

KILO = 1,000 Cycles per second
MEGA = 1,000,000 Cycles per second

The maximum value of the Current or voltage in the Circuit is Known as the peak value of Amplitude

[Underlined] CONDENSERS. [/underlined]

Consists of two plates of Conducting material sepperated [sic] By a Dielectric (any good insulator) The.

[Page break]

Capacity of a Condenser will Depend upon.

A./ Size of Plates
B/. nearness of Plates
C./ nature of Dielectric

Condensers Have an infanitly [sic] HigH Resistance to D.C. but a fairly low Reactance to A.C. thus they appear to Conduct A.C. but not D.C.

[Underlined] INDUCTANCE. [/underlined]

Consists of a Coil wound upon a Former, the size of an inductance is measured in (Henry’s) and will Depend upon the number of turns and the nature of the Core, a soft Iron Core gives the largest inductance, an inductance Has a low resistance but a HigH reactance thus it appears to Conduct D.C. Better then A.C.

[Underlined] TUNED OR OSILLATRY [sic] CIRCUIT. [/underlined]

Consists of an inductance and a Capacity

It has the property of responding to one Frequency mucH Better than any other.

THis frequency is known as the [underlined] Resonant [/underlined] frequency

The longer the inductance or Capacity the lower the frequency

Tuned Circuits are used A./ in wireless receiving sets to pick out the required frequency, to the

[Page break]

exclusion of all others

B/ In wireless transmitters to produce the required frequency

[Underlined] AUDIO FREQUENCIES. [/underlined]

are frequency wHicH Could be Heard by the Human ear (approx.: 20 to 20,000 C.p.s.)

[Underlined] RADIO FREQUENCIES. [/underlined]

Are frequencies too HigH for the Human ear to Hear sucH as those used for Radio Communication.

Double the wavelength and frequency into 300,000,000 the result is the opposite wavelengtH and frequency

[Underlined] VALVES. [/underlined]

[Underlined] THE DIODE VALVE. [/underlined]

Consists of a Glass BulB from which the Air Has been pumped and wHicH Contains the two electrodes.

[Diagram]

WHen Heated the Cathode will give off Electrons wHicH will Hang around the filaments in the form of a Cloud or (Space CHarge)

If the Anode is positively CHarged the electrons

[Page break]

will be Attracted across the valve to it (I.E. a Current flow will take place.) if the Anode is negatively CHarged no Electron flow will take place. THus the Diode valve will Conduct in one Direction only and Can be used to CHange the A.C. to D.C.

[Underlined] THE TRIODE. [/underlined]

[Diagram]

Similar to Diode But Has a Grid inserted, through wHicH the electrons Have to Pass.

If the Grid is made negative the electron flow will Decrease. if the Grid is made positive the electron will increase, if an alternating voltage is applied to the Grid the Electron flow will Rise and fall in step with the Grid voltage

Due to Amplification action of the triode the signal appearing in the Anode Circuit may Be many times longer than the original signal applied to the Grid, thus the triode valve is used to Amplify weak signals. 60

[Page break]

[Underlined] R.F. COUPLINGS [/underlined]

[Diagram]

Is a circuit to give Radio frequency Amplification and Good selection.

[Underlined] A.F. COUPLINGS. [/underlined]

[Diagram]

a Audio frequency Can not Have a tuned Circuit Because the signals will Be varying in strength therefore you Cannot tune to a Certain frequency

[Page break]

The Condenser will prevent the H.T. positive Being applied to the Grid it will only Conduct A.C. and not D.C.

Two Currents are set up A.C. and D.C. the A.C. will take the easiest path througH the Condenser, and the D.C. will take place througH the resistance and then to earth.

[Underlined] REACTION CONTROL. [/underlined]

[Diagram]

The Diagram is part of Audio frequency reaction. Reaction is the feed Back of signal for further amplification to [sic] much feed Back Causes self osolation [sic]

THe reaction is governed By the variable Condenser

THe reaction will perhaps give a 2 valve set the Amplification of a 3 valve set

Reactions are not often used as wHen self reaction starts the receiver to transmitt [sic] with other receiving sets.

[Underlined] THE DETECTOR. [/underlined]

A Detector seperates [sic] the audio frequency from the Radio frequency.

[Diagram]

[Page break]

The Diode valves as a Detector Causes the CHarge to Be as seen in A/ and B/.

[Underlined] CARRIER WAVES AND SPEECH. [/underlined]

[Diagram]

The term principle Hetrodyning [sic] is used to make [indecipherable letters] RF Carrier wave Audable [sic].

The terms principal Hetrdyning [sic] states that wHen the osalation [sic] of Different frequency Be suitable mixed a third osalation is produced Having a frequency equal to the Difference Between the two

[Diagram] Radio frequency is made Audable [sic] By a Detector and Amplifies By mixing two frequencies by equaling [sic] the Difference Between the two

[Page break]

[Diagram]

alternating your pitcHed osolator [sic] will produce any note which is required

[Symbol] … 860 K/CS

[Table]

[Underlined] R.A.F. TELEPHONES. TYPE A. [/underlined]

The TelepHones Change an Audio frequency into and [sic] Audio sound wave.

[Diagram]

[Page break]

If an Audio frequency alternating Current is passed around or througH the windings, Changes occur in the magnetic field which Causes the DiapHram [sic] to vibrate at the frequency of the Alternating THe Causes a sound wave, which is Heard.

[Underlined] THE WAY TELEPHONES ARE CONNECTED. [/underlined]

[Diagram] The D.C. will travel througH the inductance and the A.C. will travel througH the Condenser and througH the PHones wHicH sets up a sound wave

All R.A.F. Phones are Connected in Parralel [sic]

[Underlined] GRID BIAS. [/underlined] 1 Reduces H.T. Current Consumption
2 Stops Distortion due to flow of Grid Current

[Diagram]

[Page break]

[Underlined] THE R 1082. [/underlined]

[Diagram]

The R 1082 is a Genral [sic]purpose Aircraft receiver Covering 111 K/Cs to 15 mega Cycles using 14 pairs of plug in Coils, power surplies [sic] – L.T. 2 volt 20 A.H. type B Acc (1.05 AMPS) H.T. 120 volts (15 M. Amps Change when at 100 volts on Load) for ICW MCW or R/T reaction Control must be just off osalation [sic].

[Underlined] POTENTIOMETRE. (To vary voltage) [/underlined]

is to vary voltage. Consists of fixed resistance Connects in parsel [sic] with sauce [sic] of E.M.F. and a moving arm which taps a voltage from the Resistance.

[Page break]

[Underlined] S.G. VALVE. [/underlined]

[Diagram]

A screened Grid valve is used for Radio frequency Amplification. Because the screening Gris id Between he Control Grid and the Anode, it prevents feed Back wHicH would Cause self osolation [sic].

You Can Control By Connecting it up to a potentiometre [sic] and wHen you move the Arm up and Down the Potentiometre [sic] thus Controling [sic] the valve

[Underlined] VALVES. BASES.

[Diagrams]

Triode valve is used for A.F. amplification not suitable for R/F owing to its inter Electrode Capacity.

[Underlined] 1082. [/underlined]

Tight and loose Airiel, use only the loose Airiel when interference is about.

[Page beak]

The Limiter valve safeguards the receiver when you Have got a Transmitter very near to it and it sHorts too powerful signals to earth.

THe screened Grid valve is metal sprayed to prevent signals getting in or out.

The Anode picks out the signal and rejects interference.

THe Detector valve osolates. [sic]

The power output valve is used to Carry a Bit stronger signal and is situated near the pHones or output terminals.

Test valve filament Connect E.M.F. and put in an ammetre [sic] or use oHms scale on Type E. test metre you will get maximum resistance if filament is Burnt out.

Just off osolation [sic] for R/T.

[Underlined] THE SIMPLE TRANSMITTER. [/underlined]

THe tuned Circuit must Be made positive and negative alternatly [sic] so that it will not be Droped [sic] out.

[Diagram]

Due to the grid Coil the valve feeds a few more Electrons to the plates of the Capacity

[Page break]

Just as the plates are turning, thus if the plates were turning negative they would go a little Bit more negative By the valve and wHen the plates go positive there will be no Electron flow

If you want to transmitt [sic] the Capacity is CHarged for an airiel end on earth.

If morse is to Be sent the morse key must Be inserted in the Circuit.

The L.T. simply is to Heat the fillaments [sic]

The H.T. simply is to keep the Anode positive.

WHen using the transmitter always watcH were [sic] you Put your fingers the H.T. positive = 1,200 volts.

you can tell wHether the transmitting signals are O.K. and that you are Being Heard by an Ametre on the Aeriel and if that is sHorted out you Can wait for a Reply from the other operator.

On all transmitter there is an input metre to read H.T. Current.

There us a M.O. and P.A. stage, the valves used in the 1083 are V.T. 25s which are triodes valves and Have a 8 volt fillament [sic] wHicH take 2.2 amps. The L.T. one 4.2 volt 20 A.H. accs, and the H.T. is a motor Generator wHicH is 1,200 volts, on Airiel metre, and a input metre.

[Page break]

To transmitt [sic] you must Have a Radio frequency Alternating Current.

The M.O. is to produce the frequency wHicH is required on a steady note.

The P.A. is to Isolate the Aerial earth Capacity from the M.O.

An Amplifiering [sic] valve Cannot CHarge a note other than its strength But an osolating [sic] valve produces a osolating [sic] frequency.

If the M.O. Had Broken you could not transmitt [sic] anything at all.

[Underlined] NEON LAMP ABSORPTION WAVE METRE [sic]. [/underlined]

This metre is used to measure frequency.

[Diagram]

When the Bulb lights up, the metre is picking up energy from the transmitter.

THen you tune to the most Brilliance of the Bulb, then you on the exact frequency required, this metre must be set Close to the transmitter other wise the Bulb will get Dimmer as the further you get away.

[Page break]

[Underlined] 1083 TRANSMITTER. [/underlined]

[Diagram]

THE STARTER SWITCH ON THE GENERATOR HAS 3 POSITIONS OFF, START and RUNNING.

THE PLUG IN THE TRANSMITTER IS VERIABLE [sic] TO SUIT ALL SETS. ONE VALVE IS A BRIGHT IMETRE [sic] AND THE OTHER A DULL IMETRE [sic]. L.T = 4 – 2V 20KH H.T. M.G. 1,2000 VOLTS

THe more reading in the seriel [sic] ometre [sic] the further afield you are transmitting, on the seriel [sic] Aeriel Condenser you time it to the letter on your Coil you are using, An artificial Aeriel Cuts Down the Range to about a mile so it dont [sic] interfere so mucH with of stations. WHen the transmitter is out of tune the Generator is in Danger of Burning out, so wHen the Grid Bias is applied wHen we time the set we stop the P.A. valve from

[Page break]

from working, then we dont [sic] look into the seriel [sic] Current metre But we look into the nuetral seriel metre [sic] wHicH is in the Aeriel at the side of the set.

4 pairs of Range Coils A.B.C.D.

We vary the frequency By varying the Inductance you Can tell How mucH of the Inductance you are using By looking into the little window you Can see the number.

THere is also the fine tuning and Course timing and the Amplifying valve will not Amplify wHen it is not properly in tune.

We tune the P.A. by Altering the Grid Bias.

Always switch off H.G. Before the fillaments [sic]

You only need to switcH off the Generator so that you Can receive on the receiver.

The CHoke prevents the Back E.M.F. going Back into the Generator

Short Aeriel for High Frequencies.

WHen tuning see you Have got the rigHt Aeriel see Grid Bias is tuned

Always put P.A. Coil in first, 4 pairs of Coils.

Put neutral switcH over to tune.

W 117 WAVEMETRE. [sic]

A nickometre [sic] gives a Deflection wHen a signal

[Page break]

is Calibrated By your own transmitter.

A Detector valve and Amplifier. H.T. = 120v H.T. BATTERY, L.T. 2 volt 7 A.H. ACC, 4.5 9. Bins BATTERY.

[Diagram]

Ranges 1,2,3,4, go up to 2,000 KC/S
Ranges 5,6,7, go up to 20 MEGA CYCLES.

so you tune on the tuning Dial on the rigHt Hand side if you want a frequency up to 2,000 KC/S

An Aeriel and earth Can Be applied

If you Have a too HigH a signal you Can tune it Down By the increase knob.

The metre must be near the transmitter to get full Radiation, the transmitter must Have the Key Down or Have it on R/T, wHen tuning you must use the Callebration [sic] CHart with the same serial number as the wavemetre [sic].

The CaleBration [sic] CHart Has T Ranges same as the Range switcH.

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BeHind the 5, 6, 7, Range Knob there is an inductance wHicH is topped by an arm and there are letters wHicH Can be seen through the little window A to P. and wHen you want a Certain range you Can tell By the letter, then tune until you get maximum reading in the micrometre.

The longer the inductance the lower the frequency.

[Underlined] A QUARTZ CRYSTAL. [/underlined]

It is mined and is like Frosted Glass.

[Diagram]

If we Connect a volt metre to the Plates, an E.M.F. is set up as long as the Crystal is Compressed

But when it is Depressed an E.M.F. is set up on the opposite Direction, was so we Can set up an Alternating E.M.F.

If we Connect an EMF across the Plates, the Plates will expand or Contract Depending in the way the E.M.F. is Connected.

But if you Compress the Plates an E.M.F. is set up only wHen the exact time the pressure is applied

THe larger the Crystal the lower its frequency

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will Be as the Crystal osalates [sic] the Current is fed througH the valve and is amplified and a feed Back Accurs [sic].

If natureal [sic] frequency makes the Anode positive and Causes feed Back and the Crystal Continues to osalate [sic] at its natureal [sic] frequency there is no need for the P.A. as far a screening is Concerned, because the Aeriel and earth Capacity does not make any Difference because M.O. is Crystal Controlled, the P.A. does the Amplifying only in this Case.

[Diagrams]

[Underlined] CRYSTAL MONITOR TYPE 2. [/underlined]

The purpose of the Crystal monitor is to tune up to Certain frequency.

in a 3 valve receiving set one valve is an osalating [sic] Detector and the other two Audio frequency

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Amplifiers.

6 Different Crystals are genaly [sic] used but and [sic] extra Crystal Can Be plugged in from the outside at the front of the set were [sic] two plug Holes are provided

You Can select any Crystal By the selector switcH

we Can Have an earth and an Aeriel if we want a wider range from the transmitter.

Power surplies [sic] = HT 120 volts Dry Battery (CHange when on 105V on load L.T. 2 volts 20 A H ACC.

G.B. = 3 VOLT Grid Bias

[Underlined] HARMONIES. [/underlined]

WHicH are the fundimentals [sic] frequency multiplied by any Certain number but the further you get away from the fundimental [sic] the weaker the Harmonic becomes.

THe Lower the Crystal frequencies the Closer together the Harmonics will be and will Be Harder to pick out.

When using a monitor for Receiving you plug the phones into the receiver and not into the monitor

[Underlined] TUNING BACK. [/underlined]

When you want to tune a transmitter and you Havent [sic] got any Callibration CHart, you tune the receiver to the frequency from the station

[Page break]

wanted, then you tune the transmitter to your receiver and you sHould be dead on the frequency wanted.

When the signal is produced you switch off the transmitter to make sure it is your signal you are receiving.

[Underlined] SUPER HETRODINE [sic] RECEIVERS. [/underlined]

In a super Hetrodine [sic] receiver the frequency is Adjusted to suit the tuned Circuit.

[Underlined] STRIAGHT [sic] RECEIVER. [/underlined]

[Diagram]

[Underlined] SUPER HETRODINE. [sic] [/underlined]

The work of the R.F. osolator is to produce a frequency wHicH is mixed with the incoming signal

I.F. = intermediate frequency is the frequency

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to wHich All frequencies Coming down the Aeriel are tuned

THe Lower the intermediate frequency the HigHer the Adjacent Channel selectivity.

[Diagram]

[Diagram]

To osolate [sic] at a Frequency wHicH will mix with the incoming frequency and give the intermediate frequency may be Crystal osolator [sic], Typical super Hetrodine [sic] receiver

[Page break]

WHen the signal gets to the mixer valve it is mixed with another signal from the osolator valve and if your osolator valve is tuned properly we sHall get wHen they are Both mixed we sHall get the intermediate frequency for wHicH the I.F. valves are tuned.

THe Condenser wHicH is in the osolator is smaller than the Aeriel and R.F. amplifies Condensers so it is this Condenser wHicH governs the frequency wHicH is fed into the I.F.

When tuning the Aeriel and R.F. Condensers are in step But the osolator is sligHtly a Head [sic]

A jasent [sic] frequency is a frequency Close to the original frequency.

A SuperHetrodine [sic] receiver Has a very HigH a jasent [sic] Channel selectivity, these tuned Circuits refuse second CHannel interference.

I.F. Circuit Reduces the interference.

The Requirements of a Pilots [sic] R/T and Receiver is for sHort Range work and Has a remote Control.

[Underlined] T.R. 1196. [/underlined]

Frequency Coverage = 4.3 to 6.7 mega Cycles

Range = 30 miles Air to Air, and 50 miles Air to ground

the set is Designed to use R/T and M.C.W. but M.C.W. is very rarely used.

Power supplies = 24 v 40 AH Runs M.G. it Has 3 Commulator [sic]

[Page break]

1 input A.D.D.T. valve Has 8 Base Pins

1 output 6.3 volts for Heating filaments

1 output 270 volts for Anode of Receiver
this drops to 250 volts when transmitter is working due to Heavy Load.

[Diagram]

There is no tuning Control on the M.O. it is Crystal Controlled the P.A. is tuned to the M.O.

THe P.A. does not [indecipherable word] the M.O. from the Aeriel in this Case, the P.A. is a Letrode [sic] valve, the modulator amplifies the Audio frequency and feeds it to the P.A.

THere are 4 Crystals and inductances.

THere is no AERIEL AMETRE. But maximum Current is sHown by the pen lamp ligHting up and you tune for maximum Brilliance of the Bulb.

AVC. Automatic [inserted] volume [/inserted] Control

[Page break]

Intermediate = 460 KC/S.

[Underlined] A Remote Control [/underlined] is situated near the pilot, wHen you press the Button for any particular frequency out of the four Crystals you press the Button with the opposite letter marked on it and the step By step motor then selects the frequency By moving over to the rigHt inductance, a seperate [sic] fixed Aeriel is used and not the same one as the W.O.P uses

THe A 1134 gives us intercom and Has nothing to do with the transmitter, it only amplifies the signal

[Diagram] Pilots Control indicator light tells you wHicH Frequency you are on.

3 position switcH = T. Transmitter
= R.A. Receiver Attenuated
= R. Receiver

When Receiver atenuated [sic] all Background noise is Cut out, and signal Can be Heard in the pHones but is very weak, this position is used for listening watcH, as soon as the signal is Heard Coming through the switcH is put over to receiver.

[Drawing] to save putting switcH to T – A press the

[Page break]

press to speak Bulb, so wHen speaking the Button is pressed.

WHen tuning first put all knobs to zero so as not to get on an Harmonic.

Condensers on Receiver Has only 180° movement, tuned By a small screwdriver

A small screw Can be Ajusted [sic] with a screwdriver to obtain volume by Hand Before fligHt but A.V.C. Comes into use wHen flying.

There is also a R.A. volume Control, tuned until its strength is about one

If the frequency is to Be CHanged you must CHange the Crystal and then return the P.A. to new [indecipherable word] tune on 180° Receiver screw for maximum Background noise.

Blow into the micropHone for modulation, if modulation is taking place there will Be a flicker in the pea lamp every time you Blow.

WHen a suitable volume Control Has Been reacHed the Controls sHould be locked By screwing down the small screws attacHed.

THe only time you Can use R/T without the A 1134 is wHen you put the normal and emergency switcH over to emergency.

[Page break]

If you want to find out wHat frequency you are on Check on [underlined] transmitter [/underlined] Crystals.

[Underlined] THE 1134. [/underlined]

[Indecipherable word] as interCom system, it Has two valves, but one is a Double Pentoed [sic], and the other is a Triode.

[Indecipherable words] and the Double Pentrode [sic] is a VR35.

[Indecipherable word] of signals Come through the A 1134, they are the [indecipherable words] and the T.R. 1196.

THere is an A.B.C. switcH, in the B. position the W.O.P. and all the pHones are Connected up so that there is a listening watch kept all the time and all the members of the Crew Can Hear wHat is going on.

If the W.O.P. Can Hear a signal Coming over on [deleted] e [/deleted] the A.P.I. He puts the switcH to A. so that He Can take the message without interference from the intercom, in this position He is Cut off from the Crew altogether, But there is a small Bulb in the W.OP.s position, so that if the Pilot Has got an emergency message, He lights this Bulb then W.O.P. will put the switcH Back over to B. position again, this used only in an emergency

Power supplies = LT = 2 VOLT 2 OHM TYPE B ZCC
HT = 120 VOLT 6 VOLT GRID BIAS.

[Page break]

BASE PINS AND VALVES.

R. [Underlined] 1082. [/underlined]

VU33. Limiter valve = Diode
VR18 Radion frequency Amp = Tetrode
VR 27 Detector = Triode
VR21 2. Audio frequency Amp = Triode
VR22 Audio frequency output = Triode

[Underlined] T 1083. [[/underlined]

M.O. VT 25 osolating [sic] = Triode
P.A. VT 25 Amplifier = Triode.

[Underlined] TR1196. [/underlined]

VT 93 M.O. Crystal osalating = Triode
VR501 P.A. Amplifier = Triode
VT 52 modulator = Triode

[Underlined] Receiver. [/underlined]

VR 52 53 R.F. Amplifier = Tetrode
VR 57 Frequency CHanger
(460KC/S) VR56. IF Amplifier
VR55 2ND Detector, A.V.G. & output valve.
VR56 A.V.G. AMP.

[Underlined] R1155. [/underlined]

VR99 2 switcHing valves Triode Hexodes
VR100 R.F. amplifier VARI MU tetrode
VR 99 frequency CHanger triode Hexode
2. VR 100 I.F. Amplifier tetrode

[Page break]

VR102. Visual metre Control. D Triode.
VR101 2ND Detector & output DD. Triode
VI103 magic eye
VR101 Het: osolator. D D T Triode.

[Underlined] T 1154 [/underlined]

2 V.T 104 P A in parrel Pentode
VT 105 M O (indirectly Heated)
VT 105 modulator (triode)

[Underlined] A1154. [/underlined]

VR21 A F amplifier – Triode
VR35 osolating – Double pentode

[Underlined] Crystal monitor [/underlined]

VT50 osolating triode = Triode
VT50 A F Amplifier = Triode
VT 50 A F amplifier = Triode

[Underlined] W1117 [/underlined]

V.W. 48 isolating = Tetrode
V.W. 36 voltmetre [sic] = Triode

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[Blank Page]

[Page break]

(Wireless) PHase 2.

Fault Finding.

TYPE J Switch.

WHen on M.F. on fixed + Condenser in parrel [sic] with fixed Aeriel = 8 [indecipherable words]

D/F = [indecipherable word] in fixed Aeriel and [inserted indecipherable letter] Condenser in series = [indecipherable word] Capacity no H.T. to transmitter because M.G. is not [indecipherable word].

THe 6.3 [symbol] and 220 v H.T. volts for Receiver is also Broken on [indecipherable word] and AKG 6.3 H.T. to Generator is Broken so that you Cant [sic] transmit.

H.P on trailing only the last 30 ft is used.

Earth all Ariels wHen flying into a storm and reel in trailing aeriel, if Caught in a storm fly out then earth training aeriel then fly througH the storm if necessary.

H.T. is switcHed off But you Can receive on the D/F loop.

Earth goes to earthing Box from transmitter then to type J switcH

[Underlined] SECONDRY IMISSION [sic]. [/underlined]

= voltage on the Anode Drops due to Electrons falling Back on to the screen Grid HigHer potential appears on the screen grid then on

[Page break]

the Anode. Beam Tetrode [indecipherable word] secondry imission [sic].

Two seperate [sic] fillaments [sic] in Diode Triode.

Magic eye is similar to Double Triode.

R.F. U.S. = no signals, valve Hiss, magic eye will just glow no Deflection in eye.

B.F.O. will Be Heard if R.F. is US.

Give it 280 K/CS Test you will Hear B.F.O.

Replace valve By the 1st I.F. valve and sHort 1st I.F. wire to 2nd I.F. valve on eacH Top Cap.

Frequency CHangers = valve Hiss, no signal, no Deflector in magic eye. there will Be no note on 280 KC Test.

Replace valve by one of D/F valves.

I.F. U.S. = same simptom [sic] as other valves but you Cant [sic] sHort out 2ND I.F. so put first I.F. in its place.

Out Put U.S. = nothing will Be Heard in pHones.

magic eye will Be working and flickering. Test for side tone, if this Can Be Heard you know that your pHones are O.K. Replace By B.F.O. valve. But you Cant [sic] receive C.W. Because there is no osolation so screening [indecipherable word] of Both I.F. Can Be taken off to set up osolators but this system is not Generally Authorised.

[Underlined] Speed switcH [/underlined] Brings in a Condensor [sic] for low end Cuts it out for HigH.

[Page break]

Deflection switcH. = on Low Brings in a extra Condensor [sic] and by passes some of Aeriel voltage to earth on HigH Condensors [sic] once open.

Balance = variable Potentiometre [sic] Brings in Dummy Loop.

[Indecipherable words] series the Current output on [indecipherable words] switching valves

[Indecipherable words] switcH only brings in Loop and not the Type [indecipherable words]

Fault Finding (no 2)

[Indecipherable words] Equipment,

A. External Connections

B. fuses

C. valves

D. Faulty manipulation.

[Diagram]

[Page break]

Simptoms [sic] of Disconnected plug of D/F = you Could Balance = on [indecipherable word] you Couldnt [sic] get any Deflection on the needles. AURAL = signal will Disappear, only use fixed Aeriel for sensing

In Case of Complete failure, CHeck all H.T. and L.T. leads to Generators also Check fuses and Type 52 resistance.

[Diagram]

TYPE “L” 40 AMP Round ended fuse for Marconi use only.

Spare 750 H.A. fuse Carried on outside of Gens and inside Cover of Transmitter.

[Page break]

AERIEL CONNECTIONS.

[Diagram]

[Diagram]

Never put transmitter past stand Bye [sic] position when using the plug Board

Your receiver wont [sic] Come on if Type J switch is not on D/F and the receiver is at Balance.

230 volts + to receiver 6.3 volts go to type J switch But not 1,200 volts H.T.

[Page break]

THE IFF SET.

Is used for Identification purposes and also for jamming enemy searchligHts meckanisom [sic].

THis set works on very HigH Frequencies.

For this set to Be effective you must not fly lower than 2,000 feet, if Below this HeigHt you must Identify yourself on M/F / D/F.

A signal is returned every 12 seconds on A1 and A2. and every 6 seconds on B2.

For tuning purposes = 12 volt system = THe V switcH and Buttons must be set Anti Clockwise then switcH on = THe readings on the metres sHould read 7 volts 1.5 milliamps, then wait until set Has moved up the readings sHould then read 7 volts .9 milli amps wHen it Drops to this figure then turn the V switcH up until the reading is increased to 12 volts the milliampes [sic] sHould read and fluctuate between .9 and 1.3 and 1.4 milliampes [sic] These readings should be logged every 15 minutes.

If the set isnt [sic] working so well the readings sHould be Between .6 milliamps or 2 milliampes [sic].

If the readings Read below .6 milliampes [sic] or rise above 2 milliampes [sic] then the set is U.S.

For the 24 volt system just Double the voltage THe amperage remains the same

[Page break]

INERTIA.

A tendency of a Body to oppose CHange of Direction

Open the [indecipherable word] switcH prior to landing or take off and do not Close until the Red lights are out Because if the Inertia switcH is Closed then the ligHts will be on red and the Detonators will Be set to go off.

After using the tuning Circuits = A1 = 2 ft Between the transmitter and Receiver Before note Disappears. A2 = 4 ft Between and B = 6 ins apart

WHen tuning up the studs sHould be 3 studs off osolation after you Have turned it up one to Hear the modulation

FAULT FINDING (Continued).

Have one L Circuits in D/F interlock = 6.3 LT and [indecipherable letters] no H.T on D/F and earth positions but there is on M/F on fixed normal and H/F on trailing for transmitting purposes, the [indecipherable word] are available only on [indecipherable word] and AVG only.

TYPE J.

THe top 3 positions are the only transmitting positions H/F on fixed = trailing Aeriel disconnected and 80[indecipherable letters] fixed Condenser in parrel with fixed Aeriel power supplies as normal

[Page break]

[Underlined] H/F on Trailing. [/underlined] Fixed Aeriel Disconnected only trailing Aeriel in Circuit wHicH is sHortened to 30 ft power surplies [sic] as normal.

[Underlined] Earth position [/underlined] All aeriels one earth there is H.T. to receiver only switcH to figure of 8 and receive on the loop.

[Underlined] D/F position. [/underlined] = Fixed Aeriel only power surplies [sic] as normal to receiver But [indecipherable letters] HT to transmitter because the 6.3 to the starter Circuit is Broken to prevent transmission taking place wHen on D/F.

You also Bring in a 25 micro micro [indecipherable word] Condenser in series with fixed Aeriel to Decrease the Capacity so As the signals being received will Be strong enougH for a D/F Bearing to be obtained.

[Drawing]

[Page break]

[Blank Page]

[Page break]

No 8 GELSENKIRCHEN (DAY) 6 OCT: 1944.

Gelsenkirchen Gets Heaviest Raid

Luftwaffe Avoids R.A.F. Armada

MORE than 700 R.A.F. heavy bombers, escorted by more than 250 fighters, gave Gelsenkirchen, fifth largest town in the Ruhr, its heaviest attack of the war yesterday – and met no German planes.

Gelsenkirchen was the only large town in the Ruhr that had not previously been heavily damaged. It has three large hyrdogenation [sic] plants and its two large marshalling yards could handle more than 4,000 wagons a day.

Two jet-propelled planes were seen, but they avoided combat. All the fighters returned.

RAF Smother Gelsenkirchen in Daylight

GELSENKIRCHEN, important Ruhr town, had its heaviest air attack of the war yesterday afternoon.

The blow was delivered by more than 700 R.A.F. Halifaxes and Lancasters, escorted by R.A.F. Spitfires and Mustangs.

Our non-stop air attacks

More than 700 Lancasters and Halifaxes of R.A.F. Bomber Command carried out the attack on Gelsenkirchen, escorted by large numbers of fighters.

There was much cloud over the target, but some crews were able to attack through gaps in the clouds after identifying the target visually. Others bombed target indicators and reported a good concentration of bombing around them. Smoke came up to a height of more than 10,000ft. Flak was intense, but bomber crews saw no enemy fighters.

It was the heaviest attack so far made on Gelsenkirchen, which has been hit before. Gelsenkirchen, fifth largest town in the Ruhr, has not been so badly damaged by the R.A.F. as the neighbouring towns of Essen and Dortmund.

It is the only one of the larger Ruhr towns that has not previously been seriously damaged, and its large hydrogenation plants and extensive marshalling yards – capable of handling 4,000 waggons every 24 hours – were of great value to the German Army.

Biggest blow at Ruhr city

Round-the-clock pounding of Germany continued yesterday when more than 1,100 U.S. heavies hit oil refineries in the Hamburg-Harburg area and more than 700 R.A.F. bombers gave Gelsenkirchen in the Ruhr its heaviest blow.

The Americans also hit railyards north of Hamburg and factories in the Duisburg area. Seven bombers and ten fighters are missing.

Gelsenkirchen, fifth biggest Ruhr town, is the only one in the district which had not yet been seriously damaged.

Of four German planes shot down by the Americans, two were twin-engined jet-propelled Me262s. Two jet-planes met by the R.A.F. fled at 400 miles per hour.

The Air Ministry stated last night that five aircraft of Bomber Command and no aircraft of Fighter Command are missing from the Gelsenkirchen raid.

RUHR TARGET IS GIVEN WORST ATTACK OF WAR

A FORCE of more than 700 RAF Lancasters and Halifaxes, escorted by Spitfires and Mustangs, attacked Gelsenkirchen, in the Ruhr, yesterday afternoon.

It was the heaviest attack of the war on this target.

[Page break]

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No 6 COLOGNE (NIGHT) 29/30 OCT: 1944.

Cologne Twice Hit Last Night

LANCASTERS and Halifaxes of R.A.F. Bomber Command dropped about 2,500 tons of high explosives and incendiary bombs on Cologne last night, bringing the total to well over 9,000 tons in four days, states an Air Ministry News Service.

Two hours before the big attack, squadrons of Mosquitos had raided the city, and this may have misled the enemy into thinking that it was all over for the night.

For though flak was at times intense, no fighters were seen when the heavies arrived over Cologne promptly at 9 o’clock – the same hour as on Monday.

Before the attack was over some jet-propelled fighters appeared.

Conditions were almost exactly the same as on Monday night.

Thick cloud covered the city. Sky markers were used, and crews agree that the bombing was both concentrated and accurate on the target indicator.

Before the attack was over, the clouds had begun to glow from the fires below.

‘Most Impressive’

Flying Officer Fairweather, a Halifax pilot, from Doncaster, one of the first to reach the city said “It was most impressive to see bomber after bomber going into drop its bombs.

“At one point I saw a dozen Halifaxes drop their bombs simultaneously, and then, a moment later, I saw the reflection of the bomb bursts on the clouds. It was like an electric bulb going on and off.

“The defences were pretty subdued while I was over the target. The flak didn’t bother us at all.”

During the evening, forces of Mosquitos made two attacks on Hamburg. The first at just before 8 o’clock and the second at about 9.30. The first attack lased ten minutes and the second eight.

Night fighters and intruder aircraft of Bomber Command supported the bombers and attacked airfields in Germany.

Altogether three of our aircraft are missing.

COLOGNE ABLAZE

Another Big Raid by R.A.F.

COLOGNE is ablaze after the R.A.F.’s mighty offensive against the city. Last night’s 9 o’clock blow by more than 850 Lancasters and Halifaxes was the second major raid in 56 hours.

The new “Battle of Cologne” began in daylight on Saturday, with its heaviest onslaught of the war. Mosquitoes stoked up the fires with double raids during both Saturday and Sunday nights.

A great weight of bombs is needed to knock Cologne out completely as an advance base for the enemy, as the enormous devastation already caused tends to check the fires.

Knocking out Cologne

In their bid to knock out Cologne as an advanced base for the enemy on the Western Front, the R.A.F. on Monday night gave this most-battered Rhineland city its heaviest raid of the war.

During a swift saturation attack by over 850 Lancasters and Halifaxes, not one of which was lost, 4,000 tons of high explosives and incendiaries were sent crashing down.

The attack was carried out in brilliant moonlight, and with almost everything in favour of the defences. Even jet-propelled fighters were sent up by the enemy, but they could not seriously interfere.

In all, Bomber Command sent out over a thousand planes during the night, and only two failed to return

[Page break]

No 7 BOCUUM (NIGHT) 4/5 OCT: 1944.

Big oil tank hit

On Saturday night more than 1,000 Bomber Command planes blasted Hochum, Ruhr steel and iron town with more than 3,000 tons of bombs.

Bochum, Ruhr steel and rail town, took well over 3,000 tons of bombs on Saturday night, when more than 1,000 R.A.F. Lancasters and Halifaxes gave the town its heaviest [indecipherable word]. Hanover was another of the night’s objectives in Western Germany.

Ten enemy planes were destroyed during the night. Thirty-four R.A.F. bombers are missing.

In three great blows in a 20,000 tons [indecipherable word] offensive against the Reich, Allied bombers dropped 7,000 tons on Saturday. R.A.F. bombers heavily attacked Bochum and Hanover.

[Page break]

No 4 ESSEN (DAY) 25 OCT 1944.

HARDLY A BUILDING AT KRUPPS HAS ESCAPED

AIR photographs show that Essen in now almost entirely destroyed. Hardly any of the buildings in Krupps’ works has escaped destruction or severe blast damage.

This has been revealed by reconnaissance pictures taken following R.A.F. Bomber Command’s attacks on the night of Oct. 23 and in the daylight on Oct. 25.

Heavy damage and hundreds of bomb craters are shown throughout the whole built-up target area, more than half of which had already been devastated in Bomber Command’s earlier attacks.

The industrial city of Neuss, attacked by R.A.F. Bomber Command through ten-tenths cloud on Oct. 22, has been most severely damaged. Buildings have been destroyed or damaged throughout the dock area, and there is much new destruction elsewhere.

In the chemical works at Leverkusen, also attacked through ten-tenths cloud by Bomber Command on Oct. 26, there are many buildings destroyed and there is heavy blast damage in most parts of the works.

New photographs of Duisburg after R.A.F. Bomber Command’s day and night attack on Oct. 14, confirmed previous reports of widespread destruction.

The Hamborn district has been most severely damaged, and many buildings in the Thyssen steel works destroyed or damaged. There is great damage to large steel plants both north and south of the main docks.

Photographs also reveal that the German oil refinery at Monheim, on the Rhine near Cologne, was knocked out of production by Liberators of the Eighth Air Force on Oct. 15.

2,200 BIG BOMBERS HIT REICH

BATTERED ESSEN BLAZING AGAIN

Express Air Reporter

MORE than 2,200 four-engined bombers ranged over western Germany yesterday – the mightiest air fleet ever to cross the Reich border. And they gave Germany its biggest pounding of the war.

The R.A.F. contributed more than 1,000 bombers for this peak bombing, and made their chief job a return visit to Essen, the Krupp city, which was burning and wreckage-strewn from Monday night’s 4,500-ton blasting.

For half an hour the bombs crashed down on the blazing city. Smoke was pouring up three miles high when the last raiders turned for home.

Four bombers lost

At the same time Hamburg, also in the Ruhr, was being attacked. It has an important synthetic oil plant.

The whole great blow, made under Spitfire and Mustang escort, cost only four bombers against eight lost in Monday night’s raid.

1,000 R.A.F. PLANES HIT RUHR BY DAY

ONLY four bombers are missing from a daylight attack on the Ruhr yesterday by more t6han 1,000 R.A.F. Lancasters.

Main target was Essen, home of Krupps, where the attack lasted half an hour. Smoke from large fires rose more than 10,000 feet.

Synthetic oil plants at Homberg were also attacked.

Fighter Command Spitfires and Mustangs escorted the “heavies.”

More than 1,200 American Fortresses and Liberators, covered by [indecipherable word] fighters, attacked the rail yards at Hamm oil refineries in the Hamburg area, and other targets in North-West Germany.

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No 5 COLOGNE (DAY) 28 OCT: 1944.

R.A.F. Fire Cologne

COLOGNE was the target for a strong force of Lancasters and Halifaxes of R.A.F. Bomber Command in a daylight raid yesterday.

Great fires were left burning in the much-bombed Rhineland city, only a few miles behind the battle line.

The bombers were escorted by Mustangs and Spitfires of Fighter Command.

Gun emplacements on the island of Walcheren were bombed by a strong force of Lancasters in daylight yesterday.

A third target in a day of concentrated air activity was Hamm and Munster, bombed by 350 Flying Fortresses escorted by 200 Mustangs.

Cologne Hit In Strength

COLOGNE was attacked in strength yesterday afternoon by Halifaxes and Lancasters. It was officially announced last night.

“Raids Destroy 80% of Cologne”

HOLLAND, Sunday.

About 80 per cent of Cologne has been destroyed in the Allied “obliteration” attacks, according to a German traveller who left the city a fortnight ago. Since then 11,500 tons more have been dropped.

The traveller said about half the normal population of the city had been evacuated – A.P.

In the afternoon a strong force of Lancasters and Halifaxes of R.A.F. Bomber Command escorted by Spitfires and Mustangs of Fighter Command made a concentrated attack on Cologne. Large fires were left burning. The R.A.F. were also out last night.

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No 2. STUTTGART (NIGHT) 19/20 OCT 1944

Massive R.A.F. Help

The back-stage battle for Aachen reached its climax on Thursday night, when more than 1,000 R.A.F. bombers, attacking Stuttgart, Nuremburg and Wiesbaden, piled further chaos on Hitler’s railways as they strove to feed this critical Siegfried Line point with men, tanks, guns and ammunition.

Stuttgart, key factory and main railway centre, was attacked twice in four and a half hours. Nuremburg, critical junction of the main lines running north and south, and east to west, was hit by a strong force of Lancasters.

Stuttgart Bombed Twice in Night

R.A.F. Bomber Command sent more than 1,000 planes to Germany on Thursday night, with Stuttgart and Nuremburg as the main targets. A lighter attack was made on Wiesbaden.

Stuttgart had two attacks in 4 1/2 hours, and when the second force of Lancasters arrived just before one o’clock they added to fires still burning from the earlier bombing. Fires and large explosions were seen at Nuremburg. Nine of our aircraft are missing.

Stuttgart (attacked twice) and Nuremburg were the main objectives. Wiesbaden and other places in Western Germany were also bombed.

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No 3 ESSEN (NIGHT) 21/22. OCT 1944.

R.A.F. FIRE ESSEN

ESSEN, the great Ruhr arms and railway city home of Krupps, can be added to the list of “obliterated” German war centres.

Last night it must have been a blazing ruin after its second major assault by R.A.F. Bomber Command in a little over 36 hours. It was shattered by the main force of more than 1,000 four-engined Lancasters and Halifaxes sent over the Ruhr in the afternoon.

This was part of a stepped-up air offensive against the Reich. At least 3,000 bombers and fighters took part. For more than half an hour devastating bomb loads cascaded on Essen.

3,000 Tons

Probably at least 3,000 tons of high explosives went down. Huge fires blazed. Smoke rose to 10,000 feet.

On Monday night, more than 1,000 of our heavies defied snow-storms to pour more than 4,500 tons of bombs on |Essen.

Another part of yesterday’s force bombed a synthetic oil plant at Homberg, about 120 miles south-east of Essen.

Essen Virtually Destroyed

[Indecipherable word] now almost entirely destroyed.

Air photographs taken after R.A.F. Bomber Command’s attacks on the night of October 23, and again in daylight on October 26, show heavy damage and hundreds of bomb craters throughout the whole built-up target area, more than half of which had already been devastated in Bomber Command’s earlier attacks.

Hardly any of the remaining buildings in Krupps works has escaped destruction or severe blast damage. The industrial city of Neuse, attacked on October 27 has been most severely damaged. Buildings have been destroyed or damaged throughout the dock area and there is much new destruction elsewhere.

In the I. G. Farben Industrie chemical works at Leverkusen, also attacked on October 26, many buildings have been destroyed, and there is heavy blast damage in most parts of the works.

4,000-TONS RAID

More than 4,500 tons of high-explosive and incendiary bombs were dropped on Essen in the R.A.F. raid on Monday night.

Yesterday afternoon Mosquitos destroyed three enemy fighters off the Norwegian coast without loss.

On Monday night more than 4,500 tons of high explosive and incendiary bombs were dropped on Essen.

4,500 tons on Essen

It was the second night running that the R.A.F. were out in force. The night before over 1,000 Lancasters and Halifaxes flew through snowstorms and an intense barrage to drop more than 4,500 tons of high explosive and incendiary bombs on the great industrial city of Essen.

Targets in Berlin were also bombed. Eight of our planes are missing.

Bomber Command has now dropped well over 19,000 tons on the Ruhr during October and has attacked the four largest cities – Essen, Duisburg, Dortmund and Bochum.

All four cities were heavily damaged during the battle of the Ruhr. Essen alone lost nearly half of its built-up area.

NEARLY 5,000 TONS IN NIGHT ON ESSEN

More than 4,500 tons of high explosive and incendiary bombs were dropped on the great industrial city of Essen on Monday night.

Bomber Command has now dropped well over 19,000 tons on the Ruhr during October and has attacked the four target cities – Essen, Duisburg, Dortmund and Bochum.

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No1. DUISBURG. (NIGHT) 14/15 OCT 1944.

LIGHTER LOSSES ON PEAK RAIDS

R.A.F. Bomber Command is making its greatest ever attacks at very reduced cost.

The record attacks on Duisburg last Saturday resulted in a loss of only 19 of over 2,500 aircraft which dropped 10,000 tons of bombs. In the Battle of Hamburg, the R.A.F. in 10 nights dropped 8,021 tons and lost 87 aircraft from a force not much bigger than that which paralysed Duisburg.

Saturday Night. – More than 1,500 Lancasters and Halifaxes, the greatest force of four-engined planes ever sent over Germany, unloaded more than 5,000 tons on Duisburg, a great weight on Brunswick, and smaller tonnages on Berlin, Hamburg and Mannheim. Mosquito night fighters supported the attacks.

Saturday Daylight. – More than 1,000 Lancasters and Halifaxes drenched Duisburg with more than 4,500 tons, and more than 1,000 Forts and Liberators dropped nearly 4,000 tons on Cologne.

The shattering of Duisburg is an outstanding bombing event. No other industrial city in the Reich has been pulverised by such rapid assaults in such strength.

Bombing Record

The 4,500-tons blow on Saturday established a new bomb record for the Reich. But within less than 20 hours that record was broken and Duisburg was again the target for more than 5,000 tons.

Losses for the double punch at Duisburg were 23 from a total of well over 2,500 heavy bombers sent out – less than one per cent.

From yesterday’s United States raid 23 bombers and four fighters are missing.