Fire fighting instructions
Title
Fire fighting instructions
Description
Covers: principles of fire fighting, prevention of burning, methods of dealing with a fire and safety precautions to be taken by fire fighters.
Language
Type
Format
Two page typewritten document
Publisher
Rights
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Contributor
Identifier
MFieldPL907804-190627-030001, MFieldPL907804-190627-030002
Transcription
[underlined] FIRE FIGHTING. [/underlined]
1. [underlined] PRINCIPLES. [/underlined]
A. Keeping cool. Cooling.
B. Smothering:- (a) Blanket. (b) Dilution of O. in air.
C. Physical Violence (a) Strong jet (b) FLAILS.
A. If the substance is not hot enough it will not catch fire.
If it is cooled sufficiently it ceases to be able to burn.
B. If air is kept away it cannot burn, however hot. e.g. Earth on burning wood floor.
If air supply is [underlined] reduced [/underlined] it may not be able to burn fast enough to keep hot enough to keep on burning.
Ex.1. Pumping of steam into the hold of a ship dilutes the air as far as oxygen goes.
Ex. 2. Grand Banks Case. Air got so weak in O. that lamps went out, but was strong enough for men still to live – doing no work.
2. [underlined] PREVENTION OF BURNING. [/underlined]
A. Taking steps to prevent a substance, that can burn, getting hot enough to start burning.
This goes under name Fire Prevention, E.g. Care re burning matches and so on.
B. Cooling a building near one that is burning by a hose.
C. Fire Screens to keep heat off.
3. [underlined] METHODS OF DEALING WITH A FIRE. [/underlined]
A – Cooling.
(1) Use of water – JET.
Of the water that strikes burning woodwork, for example, some gets to the seat of the fire and is converted into steam.
Cooling effect high when water is turned into steam. (No. of units required to rise temp. 60° - 212° is 152)
Over 6 times the heat wanted to convert water into steam as is wanted to raise temp. from 60 deg. to boiling temp. Also, steam formed occupies 1650 times as much space as the water it was.
This steam displaces the air at seat of fire and so dilutes the air – partial smothering. (Lamps in Banks case)
If a large jet is used most of the water jumps back on impact and just runs away – wasted.
(2) [underlined] SPRAY NOZZLES. [/underlined]
To prevent this waste spray nozzles are used, to COOL & KEEP COOL.
(3) [underlined] STIRRUP PUMP. [/underlined]
Spray very effective, drops small enough to stick on and BOIL off instead of running off.
Full cooling effect and good smothering effect by dilution.
If the spray be used a large area can be quickly damped – far more quickly than the jet would – because in the latter case most of the water jumps off the surface from shock of impact.
Stirrup pump perhaps the most effective form of appliance using water, having regard to the small quantity that can be used, can reach 30 ft. using jet, and 15 ft. using spray: with instant change-over.
[page break]
-2-
MUST KEEP FIRE UNDER CONTROL. Alternate jet and spray.
Big hose jet can swamp small incendiary.
(5) Use of C.02 – which is freezing cold and also smothers – same applies to Methyl Bromide.
B. [underlined] SMOTHERING. [/underlined]
Oil fire – failure of water – floating action of oil on the water.
(1) 2 gallon foam. Blanket formed which must be kept in position. Failure through water in it boiled off. e.g. Plane in hanger.
2 gallon Froths NOT satisfactory for incendiaries.
(2) Mechanically formed foam – Crash tender – Foam Branch Pipe.
C. [underlined] COMBINED COOLING AND SMOTHERING. [/underlined]
Nearly always we have both cooling and smothering, even with Froth.
D. [underlined] REMOVAL OF INCENDIARIES. [/underlined]
Incendiaries to be thrown out of window.
Points on Incendiaries.
FIRES must be (1) PREVENTED.
(2) CONTROLLED. i.e. prevented from spreading.
(3) EXTINGUISHED.
4. [underlined] SAFETY PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN BY FIRE FIGHTERS. [/underlined]
1. [underlined] OXYGEN. [/underlined]
In a burning building there will be a shortage of oxygen – so risk of collapse through heat is increased. There is also Carbon Di-oxide which increases the suffocation – oxygen deficiency.
2. [underlined] CARBON MONOXIDE. [/underlined]
Dangerous positive poison, due to oxygen shortage. No warning – no smell – sudden collapse – loss of judgement. Use of rope etc.
3. [underlined] PHOSGENE & CHLORINE. [/underlined]
Formed if Tetrachloride extinguisher is used. Use Respirator – or hold breath.
4. [underlined] CLOTHING. [/underlined]
If wearing Gas Clothing or oil skins remember it is highly inflammable.
5. [underlined] GENERAL IDEAS – Order of Importance. [/underlined]
(1) Prevention by taking precautions.
(2) Instant action to prevent fires getting firm hold.
(3) Prevention of spreading generally more important than extinguishing.
(4) Extinguishing.
1. [underlined] PRINCIPLES. [/underlined]
A. Keeping cool. Cooling.
B. Smothering:- (a) Blanket. (b) Dilution of O. in air.
C. Physical Violence (a) Strong jet (b) FLAILS.
A. If the substance is not hot enough it will not catch fire.
If it is cooled sufficiently it ceases to be able to burn.
B. If air is kept away it cannot burn, however hot. e.g. Earth on burning wood floor.
If air supply is [underlined] reduced [/underlined] it may not be able to burn fast enough to keep hot enough to keep on burning.
Ex.1. Pumping of steam into the hold of a ship dilutes the air as far as oxygen goes.
Ex. 2. Grand Banks Case. Air got so weak in O. that lamps went out, but was strong enough for men still to live – doing no work.
2. [underlined] PREVENTION OF BURNING. [/underlined]
A. Taking steps to prevent a substance, that can burn, getting hot enough to start burning.
This goes under name Fire Prevention, E.g. Care re burning matches and so on.
B. Cooling a building near one that is burning by a hose.
C. Fire Screens to keep heat off.
3. [underlined] METHODS OF DEALING WITH A FIRE. [/underlined]
A – Cooling.
(1) Use of water – JET.
Of the water that strikes burning woodwork, for example, some gets to the seat of the fire and is converted into steam.
Cooling effect high when water is turned into steam. (No. of units required to rise temp. 60° - 212° is 152)
Over 6 times the heat wanted to convert water into steam as is wanted to raise temp. from 60 deg. to boiling temp. Also, steam formed occupies 1650 times as much space as the water it was.
This steam displaces the air at seat of fire and so dilutes the air – partial smothering. (Lamps in Banks case)
If a large jet is used most of the water jumps back on impact and just runs away – wasted.
(2) [underlined] SPRAY NOZZLES. [/underlined]
To prevent this waste spray nozzles are used, to COOL & KEEP COOL.
(3) [underlined] STIRRUP PUMP. [/underlined]
Spray very effective, drops small enough to stick on and BOIL off instead of running off.
Full cooling effect and good smothering effect by dilution.
If the spray be used a large area can be quickly damped – far more quickly than the jet would – because in the latter case most of the water jumps off the surface from shock of impact.
Stirrup pump perhaps the most effective form of appliance using water, having regard to the small quantity that can be used, can reach 30 ft. using jet, and 15 ft. using spray: with instant change-over.
[page break]
-2-
MUST KEEP FIRE UNDER CONTROL. Alternate jet and spray.
Big hose jet can swamp small incendiary.
(5) Use of C.02 – which is freezing cold and also smothers – same applies to Methyl Bromide.
B. [underlined] SMOTHERING. [/underlined]
Oil fire – failure of water – floating action of oil on the water.
(1) 2 gallon foam. Blanket formed which must be kept in position. Failure through water in it boiled off. e.g. Plane in hanger.
2 gallon Froths NOT satisfactory for incendiaries.
(2) Mechanically formed foam – Crash tender – Foam Branch Pipe.
C. [underlined] COMBINED COOLING AND SMOTHERING. [/underlined]
Nearly always we have both cooling and smothering, even with Froth.
D. [underlined] REMOVAL OF INCENDIARIES. [/underlined]
Incendiaries to be thrown out of window.
Points on Incendiaries.
FIRES must be (1) PREVENTED.
(2) CONTROLLED. i.e. prevented from spreading.
(3) EXTINGUISHED.
4. [underlined] SAFETY PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN BY FIRE FIGHTERS. [/underlined]
1. [underlined] OXYGEN. [/underlined]
In a burning building there will be a shortage of oxygen – so risk of collapse through heat is increased. There is also Carbon Di-oxide which increases the suffocation – oxygen deficiency.
2. [underlined] CARBON MONOXIDE. [/underlined]
Dangerous positive poison, due to oxygen shortage. No warning – no smell – sudden collapse – loss of judgement. Use of rope etc.
3. [underlined] PHOSGENE & CHLORINE. [/underlined]
Formed if Tetrachloride extinguisher is used. Use Respirator – or hold breath.
4. [underlined] CLOTHING. [/underlined]
If wearing Gas Clothing or oil skins remember it is highly inflammable.
5. [underlined] GENERAL IDEAS – Order of Importance. [/underlined]
(1) Prevention by taking precautions.
(2) Instant action to prevent fires getting firm hold.
(3) Prevention of spreading generally more important than extinguishing.
(4) Extinguishing.
Collection
Citation
“Fire fighting instructions,” IBCC Digital Archive, accessed May 1, 2024, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/36738.
Item Relations
This item has no relations.