Claire Bennett]]> This Interview was recorded by Aviation Heritage Lincolnshire.]]> IBCC Digital Archive]]> Julie Williams]]> Pending OH transcription. Allocated]]> Pending OH summary. Allocated C Campbell]]> KC: Ok. Hello. This is Wing Commander Ken Cook DFC. I joined the Royal Air Force in October 1941, U/T air crew and after training in Canada I came, returned back to the UK, commissioned as a young pilot officer air bomber and went through various conversion training courses in the UK and eventually joined up with a crew. And our first squadron was Number 9 Squadron at Bardney in Lincolnshire flying Lancasters in Number 5 Group of Bomber Command. After about ten ops with 9 Squadron we were as a crew recruited by the Pathfinder Force which was based in Cambridgeshire and so we were as a crew posted to do additional specialised training as at that time new radar equipment was being brought in and introduced to Bomber Command and in my case it was my job to learn the gadgets known as H2S, Gee and Loran. So, my role changed from being a straightforward air bomber to becoming a radar navigator and air bomber and so it was my job particularly to work the H2S which had a capability for uses in airborne navigation device. And of course, also it’s main role with the Pathfinders was, was identifying German targets and it enabled the Pathfinder crews to find the German targets and to mark them with target indicators so that the main force crews of Bomber Command coming in behind us could identify where the target was and very often bombing on our markers. So we had to be very accurate how we dropped them and where we dropped them and I did this, I ended up doing a total of forty five ops, thirty five of those was as a member of a Pathfinder crew. We eventually having started out with the Pathfinders at Bourn in Cambridgeshire my squadron were then deployed in about April of ’44 to Coningsby in Lincolnshire to join with Number 83 Squadron that had been posted up there from Wyton. And our job was to work with the special force under Wing Commander Leonard Cheshire who was devising a system of finding the targets where the Germans where assembling V weapons on the French coast and in Belgium. And our job was to illuminate the target with parachute flares so that he trained a special force of Mosquito dive bombers that could lay the target markers in these tunnels so that our main force crews from 5 Group and other Groups could come over and do area or intensive accurate bombing as well on these targets. And I completed my forty fifth op in 1944 and was posted to RAF Fiskerton in Lincolnshire as the station radar nav officer. My job was to, we had two squadrons there, 49 and 189 and my job was to fly with these crews and check them out on their ability to use their radar equipment because now the main force were getting the same sort of radar gear that the Pathfinders had had for some time. And so it was my job to make sure the air crew when they, before they went on ops could operate their new radar equipment. And I stayed there for a year or two and eventually was posted to Headquarters, Number 1 Group at Bawtry as the Group radar navigation officer. My job was to oversee all the squadrons, all the Lancaster squadrons in 1 Group to ensure that the crews were properly trained in operating their radar equipment. Can I stop there? Right. Let’s carry on then.
[pause]
On some of the incidents that come to mind one in particular because the Lancaster bomber we all wear warm clothing because the, in the middle of winter the temperatures in the aircraft could become extremely low and in fact if you had to use the elsan at the back of the aircraft it would be extremely low and freezing. And on one occasion I was forced to go back there and use the elsan and I discovered the temperature was minus fifty three degrees Celsius and of course, in having to use the elsan and lower the clothing etcetera I found that my bottom was sticking to the seat to a little bit when I tried to stand up. But I had to stand up because at that time the skipper was calling me, ‘Come on, Ken. We’re only ten miles from the target.’ So I had to hurry up and get back. But in doing so I experienced a little a bit of pain [laughs] in certain lower regions. The other, some of the other aspects of my career was at having completed forty five ops I was then sent off to do jobs as I mentioned with other stations and other squadrons and taking me to the end of the war I applied for a Short Service Commission and this was granted. And after a couple of years the Air Ministry offered me a peacetime Permanent Commission which I accepted and I was down the rank of flight lieutenant and so I then was asked to move out from Bomber Command and become trained with peacetime navigation courses and I thought well, perhaps I’m going to shoot now into somewhere like Transport Command but none of it. Having completed my peacetime navigation course I was then asked by Air Ministry to go through the night fighter OCU at Leeming where I was then trained again to become a navigator radar operator with the AI equipment on night fighters. And so after the appropriate course at Leeming I was then posted to 23 Squadron at Coltishall on Mosquito Mark 36s and I flew with them for about two and a half years until one day I was told that I was to go back to Leeming as a squadron leader to set up the ground school for the introduction of the first jet night fighters. The Meteor NF11 was coming in and I was to head up the ground school with the expansion of the RAFs night fighter force both in the UK and Germany and also the odd squadron in Malta and Cyprus. And so I did that job for about two years and eventually was posted to RAF Newton which was then the headquarters of 12 Fighter Group as the Group navigation officer. And I did the staff duties there but also managed to keep on flying with some of the squadrons in 12 Group, night fighter squadrons until eventually one day the AOC asked me would I like to go back on a squadron as a flight commander. And so the AOC of 12 Group had me posted back to West Malling where I became a flight commander on number 85 Squadron as a navigator which was an unusual post which I enjoyed. And I did that for just over a year and one day the AOC of 11 Group sent for me and said, ‘Cook, do you think you could command a night fighter squadron?’ I said, 'Yes sir.’ He said, ‘Well, you’ve got one tomorrow. ‘You’re going to become a wing commander.’ And so I did that and I became the CO of one of the other squadrons at West Malling called 153 and I was made an acting wing commander and only had that job for about a couple of months when they decided to close the airfield because our flights were getting involved with civil aircraft flying in from the continent, particularly at night. And so they closed the airfield at West Malling and I, and I took 153 Squadron up to Waterbeach in Cambridgeshire and stayed with them for a while and eventually we changed our number to become 25 Squadron. And I completed my two years with the 25 squadron, 153/25 squadron and then one day I was told, ‘You’re going to the staff college.’ And I thought oh I’m going to learn to read and write again. But I did a one year course at the Staff College at Bracknell and after that the Air Ministry in their wisdom said, ‘You’ve done enough flying you’ve got to do an admin job.’ So they posted me and my wife to Aden as a wing commander in the organization branch which was concerned with improving the airfields throughout the Aden Protectorate and then up in the Gulf. So I did that for about two years and then I came back. I’m not quite sure what to do after that but I eventually did a job as the staff officer to the Home Commander, Home Defence Forces which was an organisation which has now been set up to deal with what would happen if there was a nuclear attack on Britain and what would the Air Force be doing to help out. And one of my jobs was to get involved with working out plans on that. And things have gradually moved along until eventually I decided to take early retirement and I left the RAF after twenty six years service in 1947.
Interviewer: And to go back to your, your Bomber Command days it’s always very interesting how the crews got together I think. Now, were you, how did you? I know you go into a sort of a hangar sort of thing and you mill around. There’s no organisation. Were you expecting that or, and did you know somebody? How did your crew come together?
KC: Well, when you got in the early stages of training you started to think about crewing up when you were flying on Wellingtons. You went, in my case I went to Cottesmore which was number 14 OTU and there you meet up with pilots, the wireless operator, straight navigator, air gunners. They were all brought in there and you’d chat with them and eventually you agreed to form a crew. And that’s what we did.
Interviewer: And it proved satisfactory.
KC: Yeah.
Interviewer: Didn’t it?
KC: For instance my skipper was an Australian.
Interviewer: Ah.
KC: Yeah. I was a West Country Gloucestershire man. The other navigator was a Yorkshire man. The mid-upper gunner was a Canadian. The wireless operator was a Londoner and the tail gunner was a Scotsman. That was my crew.
Interviewer: League of Nations.
KC: Yeah.
Interviewer: And you obviously all got on and you all gelled.
KC: We gelled. Yes. Yes. We stayed together for forty five trips. Yeah.
Interviewer: And you’ve mentioned Leonard Cheshire. Did you have much to do with him?
KC: Well, now Leonard Cheshire was based at Woodhall Spa but once we started and once my squadron had come up from 8 Group and we were now at Coningsby with alongside 83, the Pathfinder Squadron when we had briefings on a pre-briefing on a raid Cheshire would come in to see, hear to the breifing. But he particularly once we’d done the raid he would come back because often he would go on the raid himself. He would come back and listen to the debriefing and if things were not coming out clear from the debriefing of the crews he would cut in to explain what was going on where he was concerned in the air. To sort out any, so the intelligence people doing the debriefing could get a more accurate story of what was happening over the other side.
Interviewer: Did you form any opinions of him as a —
KC: Oh, he was the top boy really. Yes. He was, he had tremendous respect from all the all the, all the aircrew like myself.
Interviewer: Yes, so —
KC: What he was and what he did and of course he did a hundred ops, didn’t he?
Interviewer: He did.
KC: Yeah. Can I stop now?
Interviewer: Yeah [laughs] That was Wing Commander Kenneth Cook DFC, retired RAF Bomber Command talking at Thorpe Camp on the 24th Of September about his wartime experiences. Thank you, Wing Commander.]]>
eng]]> Sound]]> Royal Air Force]]> Great Britain]]> England--Lincolnshire]]> 1941]]> 1944]]>
Bob Smith]]> IBCC Digital Archive]]> eng]]> Technical aid]]> Map. Navigation chart and navigation log]]> Royal Air Force]]> Royal Air Force. Bomber Command]]> France]]> France--Bordeaux (Nouvelle-Aquitaine)]]> 1944-08-09]]> Bob Smith]]> IBCC Digital Archive]]> eng]]> Technical aid]]> Map. Navigation chart and navigation log]]> Royal Air Force]]> Royal Air Force. Bomber Command]]> Germany]]> Germany--Kiel]]> 1944-07-23]]> IBCC Digital Archive]]> eng]]> Technical aid]]> Map. Navigation chart and navigation log]]> Royal Air Force]]> Royal Air Force. Bomber Command]]> France]]> France--Caen]]> 1944-07-18]]> Bob Smith]]> IBCC Digital Archive]]> Pending text-based transcription]]> Pending review]]> eng]]> Text]]> Text. Memoir]]> Royal Australian Air Force]]> Royal New Zealand Air Force]]> Royal Air Force]]> Royal Air Force. Bomber Command]]> Royal Canadian Air Force]]> United States Army Air Force]]> Great Britain]]> Scotland--Aberdeen]]> Scotland--Paisley]]> England--London]]> England--Thetford]]> Norway]]> Norway--Oslo]]> Germany]]> Germany--Oberhausen (Düsseldorf)]]> Switzerland]]> Germany--Stuttgart]]> England--Ely]]> Germany--Krefeld]]> Germany--Chemnitz]]> England--Brighton]]> Netherlands]]> Germany--Ruhr (Region)]]> England--Liverpool]]> Malta]]> Egypt]]> Egypt--Suez Canal]]> Western Australia--Fremantle]]> Victoria--Melbourne]]> New South Wales--Sydney]]> Queensland--Ipswich Region]]> Queensland--Maryborough]]> New South Wales--Cootamundra]]> Canada]]> Alberta--Edmonton]]> Nova Scotia--Halifax]]> England--Sidmouth]]> Nova Scotia]]> Covers his operational tour and bombing operations.]]> Bob Smith]]> IBCC Digital Archive]]> Pending text-based transcription]]> eng]]> Text]]> Text. Memoir]]> Text. Personal research]]> Royal Air Force]]> Royal Air Force. Bomber Command]]> Royal New Zealand Air Force]]> Royal Australian Air Force]]> Royal Canadian Air Force]]> Germany]]> Germany--Heinsberg (Heinsberg)]]> France]]> France--Beauvoir-sur-Mer]]> Germany--Gelsenkirchen]]> United States]]> Michigan--Detroit]]> Germany--Homberg (Kassel)]]> France--Châlons-en-Champagne]]> France--Caen]]> Germany--Kiel]]> Germany--Flensburg]]> Germany--Helgoland]]> Germany--Sylt]]> France--Somme]]> France--Aire-sur-la-Lys]]> France--Amiens]]> France--Gironde Estuary]]> Germany--Dortmund-Ems Canal]]> France--Bordeaux (Nouvelle-Aquitaine)]]> France--Brest]]> France--Saint-Nazaire]]> Germany--Braunschweig]]> France--Falaise Region]]> France--Royan]]> Poland--Szczecin]]> Great Britain]]> Scotland--Glasgow]]> Russia (Federation)--Kaliningrad (Kaliningradskai︠a︡ oblastʹ)]]> Sweden]]> Denmark]]> Sweden--Malmö]]> Netherlands]]> Netherlands--Eindhoven]]> France--Le Havre]]> Germany--Neuss]]> Germany--Düsseldorf]]> France--Calais]]> France--Pas-de-Calais]]> France--Boulogne-sur-Mer]]> Europe--Kattegat Region]]> Norway]]> Norway--Oslo]]> Denmark--Frederikshavn]]> France--Strasbourg]]> Germany--Kleve (North Rhine-Westphalia)]]> Germany--Emmerich]]> Netherlands--Nijmegen]]> Germany--Duisburg]]> Germany--Cologne]]> Belgium]]> Belgium--Antwerp]]> Germany--Essen]]> Netherlands--Vlissingen]]> Belgium--Charleroi]]> Germany--Leverkusen]]> Netherlands--Veere]]> Germany--Castrop-Rauxel]]> Germany--Dortmund]]> Germany--Aachen Region]]> Germany--Düren (Cologne)]]> Germany--Jülich]]> Germany--Fulda]]> Germany--Bottrop]]> Germany--Osterfeld]]> Germany--Oberhausen (Düsseldorf)]]> Australia]]> Victoria--Melbourne]]> New South Wales--Sydney]]> Queensland--Brisbane]]> Scotland--Inverness]]> England--Blackpool]]> England--Colchester]]> Germany--Merseburg Region]]> 1944]]> Great Britain. Royal Air Force]]> IBCC Digital Archive]]> eng]]> Photograph]]> Royal Air Force]]> Royal Air Force. Bomber Command]]> Atlantic Ocean--Baltic Sea]]> Poland--Gdynia]]> 1944-08-26]]> 1944-08-27]]> 24/5 EWS 16/17.8.44// 11000 ? 30/30 L 0119 Mining Stettin. FL/T Josey. U103
24/3 EWS 16/17.8.44// 11000 185 30/30 M. 011530 Mining Stettin. Swinemunde 12 FL/T Josey. U103
24/1 EWS 16/17.8.44// 11000 168 30/30 M [deleted] Mining Stettin. FL/T Josey. U103
24/2 EWS 16/17.8.44// 11000 168 30/30 L 0114 Mining Stettin. FL/T Josey. U103. Swinemunde
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Great Britain. Royal Air Force]]> IBCC Digital Archive]]> eng]]> Photograph]]> Royal Air Force]]> Royal Air Force. Bomber Command]]> Atlantic Ocean--Baltic Sea]]> Poland--Szczecin]]> 1944-08-16]]> 1944-08-17]]>
IBCC Digital Archive]]> eng]]> Photograph]]> Royal Air Force]]> Royal Air Force. Bomber Command]]> Ivan Ure]]> IBCC Digital Archive]]> Pending text-based transcription]]> eng]]> Text]]> Text. Memoir]]> Royal Air Force]]> Royal Air Force. Bomber Command]]> Polskie Siły Powietrzne]]> Royal Navy]]> Wehrmacht]]> Wehrmacht. Luftwaffe]]> Royal Australian Air Force]]> Royal Canadian Air Force]]> Great Britain]]> England--Isle of Wight]]> Norway]]> Scotland--Argyllshire]]> England--Yorkshire]]> England--Sussex]]> England--Westbourne (West Sussex)]]> England--London]]> England--Hayling Island]]> England--Evenley]]> England--Somerset]]> England--Blackpool]]> Germany]]> Germany--Mannheim]]> Germany--Nuremberg]]> France]]> France--Abbeville]]> France--Paris]]> Germany--Frankfurt am Main]]> Poland]]> Poland--Gdańsk]]> Lithuania]]> Lithuania--Šilutė]]> Lithuania--Klaipėda]]> Poland--Szczecin]]> Poland--Białogard]]> Poland--Pyrzyce (Powiat)]]> Germany--Lauenburg]]> Germany--Lüneburg]]> Germany--Rheine]]> England--London]]> Germany--Dresden]]> Ireland]]> Ireland--Dublin]]> Ireland--Cork]]> Austria]]> Austria--Vienna]]> Libya]]> Libya--Tripoli]]> Libya--Banghāzī]]> Egypt]]> Egypt--Cairo]]> Egypt--Jīzah]]> Egypt--Port Said]]> Kuwait]]> Bahrain]]> Iran]]> Iran--Tehran]]> Scotland--Oban]]> GB Blacklock]]> IBCC Digital Archive]]> Pending text-based transcription]]> eng]]> Text]]> Text. Memoir]]> Civilian]]> Royal Air Force]]> Royal Air Force. Bomber Command]]> Germany]]> Great Britain]]> England--Skipton]]> Scotland--Bedrule]]> England--Northumberland]]> England--Yorkshire]]> England--London]]> England--Appleby-in-Westmorland]]> Egypt--Alexandria]]> Egypt--Aboukir Bay]]> England--Chester]]> England--Newmarket (Suffolk)]]> Great Britain Miscellaneous Island Dependencies--Guernsey]]> France--Marseille]]> Northern Ireland]]> Scotland--Montrose]]> Germany--Wilhelmshaven]]> Germany--Hannover]]> Germany--Bremen]]> Germany--Kiel]]> Germany--Helgoland]]> Germany--Wangerooge Island]]> Germany--Bremen]]> Germany--Hamburg]]> Germany--Borkum]]> England--Wisbeach]]> England--Weybridge]]> Norway--Bergen]]> Norway--Stavanger]]> Germany--Ruhr (Region)]]> Netherlands--Rotterdam]]> France--Givet]]> Belgium]]> France--Saint-Omer (Pas-de-Calais)]]> France--Hazebrouck]]> France--Dunkerque]]> France--Socx]]> Germany--Duisburg]]> Germany--Karlsruhe]]> France--Salon-de-Provence]]> Italy--Genoa]]> Germany--Essen]]> Germany--Lünen]]> Wales--Hawarden]]> Germany--Baden-Baden]]> England--Eastleigh]]> Scotland--Stranraer]]> England--Doncaster]]> France--Brest]]> Germany--Berlin]]> Germany--Cologne]]> Germany--Emden (Lower Saxony)]]> Germany--Lingen (Lower Saxony)]]> Germany--Düsseldorf]]> Germany--Magdeburg]]> France--La Pallice]]> Germany--Karlsruhe]]> Lazenby, Harold Jack]]> IBCC Digital Archive]]> Pending text-based transcription]]> eng]]> Text]]> Text. Memoir]]> Royal Air Force]]> Royal Air Force. Bomber Command]]> Royal Canadian Air Force]]> United States Army Air Force]]> Royal Air Force. Transport Command]]> Great Britain]]> England--Warrington]]> England--Wolverhampton]]> England--Shifnal (Shropshire)]]> England--London]]> England--Bampton (Oxfordshire)]]> England--Witney]]> England--Oxford]]> England--Cambridge]]> France--Paris]]> England--Portsmouth]]> England--Oxfordshire]]> England--Southrop (Oxfordshire)]]> England--Cirencester]]> England--Skegness]]> England--Worcestershire]]> England--Birmingham]]> England--Kidderminster]]> England--Gosport]]> England--Fareham]]> England--Southsea]]> Wales--Margam]]> Wales--Port Talbot]]> Wales--Bridgend]]> Wales--Porthcawl]]> England--Urmston]]> England--Stockport]]> Wales--Cardiff]]> Wales--Barry]]> United States]]> New York (State)--Long Island]]> Illinois--Chicago]]> England--Gloucester]]> Scotland--Kilmarnock]]> England--Surrey]]> England--Liverpool]]> England--Lincolnshire]]> England--Lincoln]]> Denmark--Anholt]]> Poland--Gdańsk]]> Germany--Berlin]]> Germany--Essen]]> Germany--Kiel]]> Europe--Mont Blanc]]> Denmark]]> England--Hull]]> Czech Republic--Plzeň]]> Germany--Ruhr (Region)]]> England--Mablethorpe]]> Germany--Cologne]]> Italy--Turin]]> France--Bordeaux (Nouvelle-Aquitaine)]]> England--Land's End Peninsula]]> Italy--San Polo d'Enza]]> Italy--Genoa]]> Italy--Milan]]> Algeria]]> Algeria--Blida]]> Algeria--Atlas de Blida Mountains]]> England--Cambridge]]> England--Surrey]]> England--Ramsey (Cambridgeshire)]]> Germany--Mannheim]]> Germany--Munich]]> France--Montluçon]]> Germany--Darmstadt]]> Scotland--Elgin]]> England--York]]> Scotland--Aberdeen]]> England--Grimsby]]> Germany--Saarbrücken]]> Germany--Zeitz]]> Germany--Ludwigshafen am Rhein]]> Germany--Wanne-Eickel]]> Germany--Gelsenkirchen]]> Germany--Kleve (North Rhine-Westphalia)]]> Germany--Chemnitz]]> Germany--Heide (Schleswig-Holstein)]]> Germany--Wuppertal]]> Germany--Homberg (Kassel)]]> Netherlands--Westerschelde]]> Germany--Rheine]]> Germany--Hamburg]]> Germany--Helgoland]]> Germany--Bremen]]> Netherlands--Rotterdam]]> Belgium]]> England--Southend-on-Sea]]> England--Morecambe]]> England--Kineton]]> England--Worcester]]> Germany--Duisburg]]> Germany--Düsseldorf]]> Germany--Mülheim an der Ruhr]]> England--London]]> Italy--La Spezia]]> France--Dunkerque]]> Poland--Szczecin]]> Poland]]> Germany--Hannover]]> Germany--Recklinghausen (Münster)]]> Netherlands]]> England--Sheringham]]> England--Redbridge]]> France--Saint-Nazaire]]> Atlantic Ocean--Kattegat (Baltic Sea)]]> Germany]]> IBCC Digital Archive]]> Pending text-based transcription]]> eng]]> Text]]> Text. Diary]]> Royal Air Force]]> Royal Air Force. Bomber Command]]> Germany--Berlin]]> Great Britain]]> England--Wellingborough]]> Germany--Leipzig]]> England--Lincoln]]> France--Normandy]]> England--New Brighton (Wirral)]]> England--Blackpool]]> Great Britain Miscellaneous Island Dependencies--Isle of Man]]> Northern Ireland--Antrim (County)]]> Scotland--Galloway]]> Gibraltar]]> Spain]]> North Africa]]> Italy]]> England--Chigwell]]> England--Preston (Lancashire)]]> Germany]]> Italy--Capri Island]]> 9 Squadron]]> IBCC Digital Archive]]> Pending text-based transcription]]> eng]]> Text]]> Text. Service material]]> Royal Air Force]]> Royal Air Force. Bomber Command]]> Germany--Berlin]]> Germany--Leipzig]]> Germany--Stuttgart]]> Germany--Schweinfurt]]> Germany--Augsburg]]> France--Marignane]]> Germany--Stuttgart]]> France--Nord (Department)]]> Germany]]> 1944]]> Pat Jackson (nee Hancock)]]> IBCC Digital Archive]]> Pending text-based transcription]]> eng]]> Text]]> Text. Personal research]]> Royal Air Force]]> Royal Air Force. Bomber Command]]> Poland]]> Middle East--Palestine]]> Great Britain]]> England--Yorkshire]]> Netherlands--Friesland]]> Germany--Wilhelmshaven]]> Netherlands--Dokkum]]> Germany--Fallingbostel (Landkreis)]]> Germany--Dresden]]> Germany--Hannover]]> Netherlands]]> Poland--Żagań]]> Lithuania--Šilutė]]> Germany]]> John Martin]]> IBCC Digital Archive]]> Pending text-based transcription]]> eng]]> Text]]> Text. Memoir]]> Royal Air Force]]> Royal Air Force. Bomber Command]]> United States Army Air Force]]> Royal Australian Air Force]]> Royal Canadian Air Force]]> Royal Indian Air Force]]> Royal New Zealand Air Force]]> Wehrmacht. Luftwaffe]]> South African Air Force]]> Wehrmacht. Kriegsmarine]]> Great Britain]]> England--London]]> England--Lincoln]]> England--Huntingdonshire]]> England--Gloucestershire]]> Germany--Berlin]]> France--Caen]]> France--Normandy]]> Poland--Świnoujście]]> Germany--Dresden]]> Poland]]> Poland--Vistula River]]> Poland--Toruń]]> Italy]]> Europe--East Prussia (Poland and Russia)]]> England--Grimsby]]> France]]> Belgium]]> France--Ardennes]]> Netherlands--Arnhem]]> Belgium--Brussels]]> England--Dover]]> England--Wolverhampton]]> Germany--Frankfurt am Main]]> Germany--Hannover]]> Europe--Elbe River]]> England--Newark (Nottinghamshire)]]> Netherlands]]> Germany]]> England--Sleaford (Lincolnshire)]]> 1945]]> He describes their capture, mistreatment and interrogations at various locations. After interrogations at Dulag Luft they were sent to a transit camp in Frankfurt then on by train to Heydekrug, Stalag Luft VI. Although their camp section was new it was cramped and basic. He describes camp life in detail. As the Russians got closer they were sent by train to an Army camp at Thorn. He read a copy of NCO education in the camp. These courses were extremely popular and supported by text books sent from the UK. Exams were sat and papers sent to the UK for marking. At Thorn they marched to Stammlager 357 but not for long. They then marched back to the railway and were sent to Fallingbostel. He describes the rail journey in detail, then in greater detail he describes camp life.
Later he was moved to an officer's camp at Eichstadt. This turned out to be an Army camp which refused them and they were sent to Sagan. He stayed there for a short time then was moved to Stalag Luft 3, then 111A. As the Russians neared they moved again. After a couple of days waiting in trucks they returned to their camp. The railway system was breaking down as the end of the war neared.
After the Russians reached them they were allowed out of the camp but still remained billeted there. He writes about his impressions of the Russians.
His journey home was delayed by rain that did not allow aircraft to fly.
His story ends with his retelling of the night his aircraft was shot down, his night in Brussels and his return to England.]]>
Alan McInnes]]> IBCC Digital Archive]]> Pending text-based transcription]]> eng]]> Text]]> Text. Memoir]]> Royal Air Force]]> Royal Air Force. Bomber Command]]> Royal Australian Air Force]]> Germany--Berlin]]> Germany--Magdeburg]]> Australia]]> Great Britain]]> England--Lichfield]]> Poland--Szczecin]]> Germany--Bremen]]> Germany--Stendal]]> Switzerland]]> Germany--Frankfurt am Main]]> Lithuania--Šilutė]]> Poland]]> Italy]]> Canada]]> United States]]> Poland--Szczecin]]> Poland--Toruń]]> Greece]]> Greece--Crete]]> Poland--Vistula River]]> England--Staverton (Northamptonshire)]]> Germany--Bad Fallingbostel]]> Poland--Żagań]]> Poland--Bydgoszcz]]> Poland--Poznań]]> Germany--Pasewalk]]> Germany--Neubrandenburg]]> Germany--Stavenhagen]]> Germany--Malchin (Landkreis)]]> Germany--Güstrow]]> Germany--Hamburg]]> Germany--Lübeck]]> Germany--Eichstätt]]> Germany--Munich]]> Germany--Kassel]]> Germany--Eisenach]]> Germany--Fürth (Bavaria)]]> Germany--Treuchtlingen]]> Germany--Ingolstadt]]> Germany--Regensburg]]> Germany--Leipzig]]> Germany--Plauen]]> Poland--Wrocław]]> New South Wales--Sydney]]> Victoria--Melbourne]]> New South Wales]]> India--Jammu and Kashmir]]> China]]> England--London]]> Germany--Elbe]]> Germany--Potsdam]]> Germany--Jüterbog]]> Ukraine--Odesa]]> Germany--Dresden]]> Germany--Halle an der Saale]]> Belgium--Brussels]]> England--Brighton]]> Germany--Nuremberg]]> Germany--Hannover]]> Ukraine]]> Germany--Luckenwalde]]> Poland--Poznań]]> Germany]]> Germany--Hof (Hof)]]> 1944-01-21]]>
Jack Darby]]> IBCC Digital Archive]]> Pending text-based transcription]]> eng]]> Text]]> Text. Correspondence]]> Royal Air Force]]> Denmark]]> Germany]]> Great Britain]]> England--Suffolk]]> England--Hythe (Kent)]]> England--Claygate]]> England--Salisbury]]> 1945-07]]> Jack Darby]]> IBCC Digital Archive]]> Pending text-based transcription]]> eng]]> Text]]> Text. Correspondence]]> Royal Air Force]]> Germany]]> Great Britain]]> England--Suffolk]]> 1945-06]]>
The interviewee is Aldo Galardini, born at Castel di Casio (Bologna province) on 25 June 1925, retired railwayman. His niece Annalia Galardini edges in, his wife are also in the room. The interview was conducted by Claudio Rosati in Pistoia on 19 September 1983, in his house. During the first bombing of Pistoia, Aldo Galardini was at home with family at Via Bastione Mediceo and did not go to the shelter. The first bomb hit the nearby tanner’s shop. They were then evacuated to Innocenti, near San Quirico di Pontenuovo. There a command post was established by South Africans and Americans after the Germans retreated to the Apennine hills and mountains near Pistoia; Americans and Germans exchanged many artillery rounds. Aldo Galardini was a railwayman at Pistoia station: he remembers a 50 Lire cash prize given to those who did not stop working during bombings. When a bombing was likely, he and his colleagues were warned by the Torre del Lago radar station; this allowed them to flee to Montale or Agliana on a steam engine.]]>
Claudio Rosati]]> IBCC Digital Archive]]> ita]]> Sound]]> Civilian]]> Italy]]> Italy--Pistoia]]> 1943-10-24]]>
IBCC Digital Archive]]> eng]]> Text]]> Text. Service material]]> Royal Air Force]]> Jack Robson]]> IBCC Digital Archive]]> Pending text-based transcription]]> eng]]> Text]]> Text. Training material]]> Royal Air Force]]> Jack Robson]]> IBCC Digital Archive]]> Pending text-based transcription]]> eng]]> Text]]> Text. Training material]]> Royal Air Force]]> Detailed description of patrol activity at Beacon "B". Followed by detailed description of patrol activity in target area after bombing. Detailed description of patrol activity a Beacon "S". Finally short description of patrol activity to Beacon "Q" and Sylt area.]]> IBCC Digital Archive]]> Paul Ross]]> eng]]> Text]]> Royal Air Force]]> Royal Air Force. Bomber Command]]> Germany]]> Germany--Hannover]]> Germany--Sylt]]> Germany--Bremen]]> ]]> Peter Lovatt]]> IBCC Digital Archive]]> eng]]> Text]]> Royal Air Force]]> Royal Air Force. Coastal Command]]> Royal Navy]]> United States Army Air Force]]> Wehrmacht. Luftwaffe]]> Norway--Trondheim]]> France--Brest]]> Russia (Federation)]]> England--Hartland]]> England--Beer Head]]> Europe--Elbe River]]> England--Dover]]> England--Folkestone]]> England--London]]> France--Bruneval]]> France--Pas-de-Calais]]> Germany--Lübeck]]> Germany--Rostock]]> England--Norwich]]> England--Cheadle (Staffordshire)]]> England--Salcombe]]> England--Sidmouth]]> France--Cherbourg]]> France--Boulogne-sur-Mer]]> France--Dunkerque]]> France--Cassel]]> England--Salisbury]]> Russia (Federation)--Kola Peninsula]]> Russia (Federation)--Arkhangelʹskai︠a︡ oblastʹ]]> Germany--Berlin]]> Poland--Szczecin]]> France--Desvres]]> France--Arcachon]]> France--Nantes]]> France--Chartres]]> France--Reims]]> England--Swanage]]> England--Malvern]]> England--Plymouth]]> France--Lorient]]> England--Lincoln]]> Scotland--Edinburgh]]> England--Hull]]> England--London]]> England--Bristol]]> France--Montdidier (Hauts-de-France)]]> England--Guildford]]> France--Poix-du-Nord]]> Germany--Mannheim]]> Czech Republic--Pilsen Basin]]> England--Harpenden]]> France--Morlaix]]> Spain--Lugo]]> Spain--Seville]]> England--Radlett (Hertfordshire)]]> Germany--Cologne]]> France--Boulogne-Billancourt]]> Germany--Rostock]]> Germany--Essen]]> Germany--Schleswig-Holstein]]> Belgium--Liège]]> Germany--Bremen]]> England--High Wycombe]]> Germany--Osnabrück]]> Germany--Hamburg]]> Germany--Wilhelmshaven]]> England--Sizewell]]> Germany--Peenemünde]]> Germany--Stuttgart]]> Germany--Munich]]> Germany--Kassel]]> England--Crowborough]]> England--Huddersfield]]> Netherlands--Den Helder]]> England--Mundesley]]> Germany--Schweinfurt]]> Europe--Baltic Sea Region]]> Atlantic Ocean--Bay of Biscay]]> Germany--Braunschweig]]> Germany--Bremen]]> Germany--Wolfenbüttel]]> Germany--Magdeburg]]> France--Limoges]]> Germany--Frankfurt am Main]]> Germany--Leipzig]]> Germany--Stuttgart]]> Germany--Munich]]> Germany--Schweinfurt]]> Germany--Augsburg]]> France--Yvelines]]> Germany--Nuremberg]]> Germany--Kiel]]> Poland--Poznań]]> France--Dieppe]]> Turkey--Gallipoli]]> Egypt--Alamayn]]> Egypt--Cairo]]> Morocco]]> Algeria]]> Italy--Sicily]]> England--Ventnor]]> England--Beachy Head]]> France--Abbeville]]> France--Somme]]> France--Seine River]]> England--Southampton]]> England--Portsmouth]]> Scotland--Firth of Forth]]> Iceland]]> England--Brighton]]> France--Normandy]]> France--Cherbourg]]> England--Littlehampton]]> England--Portland Harbour]]> France--Amiens]]> Netherlands--Arnhem]]> France--Normandy]]> Germany--Gelsenkirchen]]> France--Le Havre]]> France--Arromanches-les-Bains]]> France--Bayeux]]> Belgium--Wenduine]]> France--Beauvais]]> England--Ditchling]]> England--Henfield (West Sussex)]]> England--Canterbury]]> England--Crowborough]]> England--Dover]]> England--Chiswick]]> Netherlands--Hague]]> Sweden]]> Belgium--Antwerp]]> Germany--Aachen]]> Germany--Trier]]> Germany--Siegfried Line]]> Netherlands--New Maas River]]> Netherlands--Waal River]]> Russia (Federation)--Kaliningrad (Kaliningradskai︠a︡ oblastʹ)]]> Germany--Darmstadt]]> Germany--Duisburg]]> Germany--Braunschweig]]> Netherlands--Walcheren]]> Germany--Bremen]]> Germany--Düsseldorf]]> Germany--Bochum]]> Germany--Cologne]]> Europe--Ardennes]]> Belgium--Bastogne]]> Germany--Leuna]]> Germany--Essen]]> Germany--Ludwigshafen am Rhein]]> Germany--Duisburg]]> Germany--Ulm]]> Rhine River Valley]]> Germany--Mittelland Canal]]> Germany--Nuremberg]]> Germany--Dortmund]]> Germany--Castrop-Rauxel]]> Germany--Hannover]]> Belgium--Houffalize]]> Germany--Neuss]]> Germany--Grevenbroich]]> Germany--Dülmen]]> Germany--Dresden]]> Germany--Leipzig]]> Germany--Magdeburg]]> Germany--Bonn]]> Germany--Kamen]]> Germany--Dortmund-Ems Canal]]> Germany--Chemnitz]]> Germany--Dessau (Dessau)]]> Germany--Hannover]]> Germany--Kiel]]> England--Coventry]]> Italy]]> Poland]]> France]]> Great Britain]]> Egypt]]> North Africa]]> Germany]]> Belgium]]> Czech Republic]]> Netherlands]]> Norway]]> Russia (Federation)]]> Spain]]> Turkey]]> Europe--Frisian Islands]]> England--Milton Keynes]]> Germany--Ruhr (Region)]]> England--Devon]]> England--Dorset]]> England--Gloucestershire]]> England--Hampshire]]> England--Herefordshire]]> England--Kent]]> England--Middlesex]]> England--Norfolk]]> England--Staffordshire]]> England--Suffolk]]> England--Surrey]]> England--Sussex]]> England--Wiltshire]]> England--Worcestershire]]> England--Yorkshire]]> England--Lincolnshire]]> England--Warwickshire]]> Russia (Federation)--Poli︠a︡rnyĭ (Murmanskai︠a︡ oblastʹ)]]>