2
25
66
-
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Neale, Ted. Navigation logs
Description
An account of the resource
33 items Navigation logs created by Ted Neale while he was serving as a navigator with 37 Squadron in the Mediterranean theatre.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015-07-31
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Neale, ETH
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Operational Navigational Log - Target Marseilles
Description
An account of the resource
A navigational log prepared by Ted Neale
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ted Neale
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1944-08-14
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Two printed sheets with handwritten calculations
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SNealeETH1395951v30011-0001,
SNealeETH1395951v30011-0002
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Royal Air Force
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
France
France--Marseille
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1944-08-14
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Map. Navigation chart and navigation log
Map
37 Squadron
aircrew
bombing
navigator
-
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Neale, Ted. Navigation logs
Description
An account of the resource
33 items Navigation logs created by Ted Neale while he was serving as a navigator with 37 Squadron in the Mediterranean theatre.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015-07-31
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Neale, ETH
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Operational Navigational Log
Description
An account of the resource
A navigation log prepared by Ted Neale
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ted Neale
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1944-08-13
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Two printed sheets with handwritten calculations
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SNealeETH1395951v30010-0001,
SNealeETH1395951v30010-0002
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Royal Air Force
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1944-08-13
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Map. Navigation chart and navigation log
Map
37 Squadron
aircrew
bombing
navigator
-
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Neale, Ted. Navigation logs
Description
An account of the resource
33 items Navigation logs created by Ted Neale while he was serving as a navigator with 37 Squadron in the Mediterranean theatre.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015-07-31
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Neale, ETH
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Operational Navigational Log
Description
An account of the resource
A navigation log prepared by Ted Neale
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ted Neale
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1944-08-10
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Two printed sheets with handwritten calculations
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SNealeETH1395951v30009-0001,
SNealeETH1395951v30009-0002
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Royal Air Force
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Serbia
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1944-08-10
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Map. Navigation chart and navigation log
Map
37 Squadron
aircrew
bombing
navigator
-
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Neale, Ted. Navigation logs
Description
An account of the resource
33 items Navigation logs created by Ted Neale while he was serving as a navigator with 37 Squadron in the Mediterranean theatre.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015-07-31
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Neale, ETH
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Operational Navigational Log
Description
An account of the resource
A navigational log prepared by Ted Neale
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ted Neale
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1944-08-09
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Two printed sheets with handwritten calculations
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SNealeETH1395951v30008-0001,
SNealeETH1395951v30008-0002
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Royal Air Force
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1944-08-09
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Map. Navigation chart and navigation log
Map
37 Squadron
aircrew
bombing
navigator
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/1251/16710/SNealeETH1395951v30007-0001.1.jpg
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Neale, Ted. Navigation logs
Description
An account of the resource
33 items Navigation logs created by Ted Neale while he was serving as a navigator with 37 Squadron in the Mediterranean theatre.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015-07-31
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Neale, ETH
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Operational Navigational Log
Description
An account of the resource
A navigational log prepared by Ted Neale
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ted Neale
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1944-08-07
1944-08-08
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Two printed sheets with handwritten calculations
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SNealeETH1395951v30007-0001,
SNealeETH1395951v30007-0002
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Royal Air Force
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1944-08-07
1944-08-08
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Map. Navigation chart and navigation log
Map
37 Squadron
aircrew
bombing
navigator
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/1251/16709/SNealeETH1395951v30006-0001.1.jpg
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Neale, Ted. Navigation logs
Description
An account of the resource
33 items Navigation logs created by Ted Neale while he was serving as a navigator with 37 Squadron in the Mediterranean theatre.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015-07-31
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Neale, ETH
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Operational Navigational Log
Description
An account of the resource
A navigation log prepared by Ted Neale
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ted Neale
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1944-08-03
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Two printed sheets with handwritten calculations
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SNealeETH1395951v30006-0001,
SNealeETH1395951v30006-0002
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Royal Air Force
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1944-08-03
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Map. Navigation chart and navigation log
Map
37 Squadron
aircrew
bombing
navigator
-
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Neale, Ted. Navigation logs
Description
An account of the resource
33 items Navigation logs created by Ted Neale while he was serving as a navigator with 37 Squadron in the Mediterranean theatre.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015-07-31
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Neale, ETH
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Operational Navigation Log
Description
An account of the resource
A navigation log prepared by Ted Neale.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ted Neale
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1944-07-30
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Two printed sheets with handwritten calculations
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SNealeETH1395951v30005-0001,
SNealeETH1395951v30005-0002
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Royal Air Force
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1944-07-30
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Map. Navigation chart and navigation log
Map
37 Squadron
aircrew
bombing
navigator
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/1251/16459/SNealeETH1395951v30004-0001.1.jpg
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Neale, Ted. Navigation logs
Description
An account of the resource
33 items Navigation logs created by Ted Neale while he was serving as a navigator with 37 Squadron in the Mediterranean theatre.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015-07-31
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Neale, ETH
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Operational Navigation Log
Description
An account of the resource
A navigation log prepared by Ted Neale.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ted Neale
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1944-07-26
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Two printed sheets with handwritten calculations
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SNealeETH1395951v30004-0001,
SNealeETH1395951v30004-0002
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Royal Air Force
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1944-07-26
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Map. Navigation chart and navigation log
Map
37 Squadron
aircrew
bombing
navigator
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/1251/16458/SNealeETH1395951v30003-0001.1.jpg
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Neale, Ted. Navigation logs
Description
An account of the resource
33 items Navigation logs created by Ted Neale while he was serving as a navigator with 37 Squadron in the Mediterranean theatre.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015-07-31
Rights
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This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Neale, ETH
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Operational Navigation Log
Description
An account of the resource
An operational navigation log prepared by Ted Neale.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ted Neale
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1944-07-21
Format
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Two printed sheets with handwritten calculations
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Identifier
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SNealeETH1395951v30003-0001,
SNealeETH1395951v30003-0002
Coverage
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Royal Air Force
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1944-07-21
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Map. Navigation chart and navigation log
Map
37 Squadron
aircrew
bombing
navigator
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/1251/16457/SNealeETH1395951v30002-0001.1.jpg
25723dff5a838dff772d81fe58603e6e
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/1251/16457/SNealeETH1395951v30002-0002.1.jpg
79cc0da8ddcb276d337fca1d4c28fda3
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Neale, Ted. Navigation logs
Description
An account of the resource
33 items Navigation logs created by Ted Neale while he was serving as a navigator with 37 Squadron in the Mediterranean theatre.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015-07-31
Rights
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This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Neale, ETH
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Operational Navigation Log
Description
An account of the resource
An operational navigational log prepared by Ted Neale.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ted Neale
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1944-07-16
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
One printed sheet with handwritten calculations
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SNealeETH1395951v30002-0001,
SNealeETH1395951v30002-0002
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Royal Air Force
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1944-07-16
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Map. Navigation chart and navigation log
Map
37 Squadron
aircrew
bombing
navigator
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/1251/16456/SNealeETH1395951v30001-0001.2.jpg
356a97162214b2507ba8b9930be30cb7
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/1251/16456/SNealeETH1395951v30001-0002.2.jpg
228b80eb21eb55cc958b0386bf8c309a
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Neale, Ted. Navigation logs
Description
An account of the resource
33 items Navigation logs created by Ted Neale while he was serving as a navigator with 37 Squadron in the Mediterranean theatre.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015-07-31
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Neale, ETH
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Operational Navigation Log
Description
An account of the resource
A navigational computation prepared by Ted Neale.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ted Neale
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1944-07-14
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Two printed sheets with handwritten calculations
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SNealeETH1395951v30001-0001,
SNealeETH1395951v30001-0002
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Royal Air Force
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1944-07-14
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Map. Navigation chart and navigation log
Map
37 Squadron
aircrew
bombing
navigator
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/1246/16455/SNealeETH1395951v20015.1.jpg
2d7501fbf336f5c7644081a9694444eb
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Neale, Ted
E T H Neale
Description
An account of the resource
123 items. The collection concerns Edward Thomas Henry Neale (b. 1922, 1395951 Royal Air Force) who served as a navigator with 37 Squadron in North Africa, the Middle East and Italy. The collection contains his training notebooks from South Africa as well as propaganda leaflets dropped by the allies in the Mediterranean theatre.
The collection also contains a photograph album, navigation logs and target photographs.
The collection has been loaned to the IBCC Digital Archive for digitisation by Alison Neale and catalogued by Barry Hunter.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015-07-31
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Neale, ETH
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Star Chart
Description
An account of the resource
A scrap of paper with hand drawn sketches of constellations including the southern cross, naming the stars.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ted Neale
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
One hand drawn pencil sketches on part sheet of paper
Language
A language of the resource
eng
lat
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
SNealeETH1395951v20015
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Royal Air Force
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
aircrew
navigator
training
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/1246/16415/MNealeETH1395951-150731-078.2.pdf
511bf2e47859bbe431292f07e1fbfd19
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Neale, Ted
E T H Neale
Description
An account of the resource
123 items. The collection concerns Edward Thomas Henry Neale (b. 1922, 1395951 Royal Air Force) who served as a navigator with 37 Squadron in North Africa, the Middle East and Italy. The collection contains his training notebooks from South Africa as well as propaganda leaflets dropped by the allies in the Mediterranean theatre.
The collection also contains a photograph album, navigation logs and target photographs.
The collection has been loaned to the IBCC Digital Archive for digitisation by Alison Neale and catalogued by Barry Hunter.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015-07-31
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Neale, ETH
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Ted Neale's Bombing notes
Description
An account of the resource
A book kept by Ted Neale recording his bombing notes during training. Water damaged.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ted Neale
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
19 handwritten sheets
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Text. Training material
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
MNealeETH1395951-150731-078
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Royal Air Force
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
aircrew
bombing
training
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/1246/16408/MNealeETH1395951-150731-068.2.pdf
119b35a007cd8643585aa3ce18222ba9
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Neale, Ted
E T H Neale
Description
An account of the resource
123 items. The collection concerns Edward Thomas Henry Neale (b. 1922, 1395951 Royal Air Force) who served as a navigator with 37 Squadron in North Africa, the Middle East and Italy. The collection contains his training notebooks from South Africa as well as propaganda leaflets dropped by the allies in the Mediterranean theatre.
The collection also contains a photograph album, navigation logs and target photographs.
The collection has been loaned to the IBCC Digital Archive for digitisation by Alison Neale and catalogued by Barry Hunter.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015-07-31
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Neale, ETH
Transcribed document
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading.
Transcription
Text transcribed from audio recording or document
the hole in the cursor scribe a line on the bearing plate
[circled 5]. Instruct pilot to turn 60° port or stabd [sic]
[circled 6.] Repeat 1,2,3,4.
[circled 7.] Instruct pilot to turn a furthe [sic] 60° or 120° in the opposite direction,
[circled 8] Repeat 1,2,3,4,
[circled 9.] This will result in an interception or a cocked hat. If the sides of the cocked hat extend a quarter of an inch repeat the above procedure
[circled 10.] Unclamp, place interception or centre of cocked hat over the tail of the wind arrow, reclamp
[circled 11.] Turn W/S bar at right angles to A/S Bar & adjust on W/S knob, till the hole in the cursor is over the interception or centre of cocked hat.
[circled 12.] Read off W/S from W/S Bar & wind direction from the tail of the wind arrow.
[page break]
[circled 1.] Levels.
[circled 2.] Drift.
[circled 3.] Red on Red.
[circled 4.] Draw a line.
[page break]
[inserted] TIME & [deleted] Bead [/deleted] [inserted] [underlined] Speed [/underlined] [/inserted] Method. [/inserted]
SETTING
[circled 1] TAS
[circled 2]. TRUE HT ABOVE GRD ON RED HT Scale,
[circled 3]. W/S MAXIMUMOM [sic] [deleted] [indecipherable] Terminal Velocity Infinity [/deleted]
[circled 4] Terminal Velocity. Infinity
[circled 5.] ENEMY SPEED 0(zero.).
Before Flight ensure the correct wind gauge bar is fitted & obtain a stop-watch
[underlined] Procedure [/underlined]
[circled 1] Instruct pilot to fly St & Lvl.
Level Bb.St.
[circled 2]. Adjust for drift.
[circled 3]. Looking thru back sight time an object on the ground between 2 consecutive pair of beads. Take the average of 3 readings
[circled 4] Place TAS on the cursor against appropriate time curve on Wind Gauge Bar.
[circled 5] Unclamp, place red on red, reclamp.
[circled 6.] Thru hole in cursor place a dot on bearing plate
[page break]
[circled 7]. Unclamp, place the dot over the tail of the wind arrow, reclamp.
[circled 8]. Turn the W/S Bar at right angles to the air speed bar & adjust on wind speed knob, till the hole in the cursor is over the dot on the bearing plate.
[circled 9]. Read off wind speed from W/S bar & W direction from tail of Wind Arrow.
[page break]
[underlined] VGO [/underlined]
[underlined] Barrel Group. [/underlined] Flash Eliminator.
Foresight Bracket
Gas Block
Gas Plug
Gas Cylinder
Gas Spigot
Rear Lt Bracket
Front Magazine Catch & spring.
Barrel Locking bands
[underlined] Body Group. [/underlined]
[underlined] Barrel Strap. [/underlined] Barrel [underlined] Locking [/underlined] Grooves
[underlined] Barrel Locking Strap Piston Stops[/underlined]
Cocking handle, [underlined] Feed opening [/underlined]
Cocking handle catch Ejection opening.
Cocking handle slide Rear Magazine catch lever
Cocking lug Rear Magazine catch & springs
reflector sight housing Locking shoulder
reflector sight ejector housing
Body extension securing pins ejector cover spring
Piston Way ejector
Feed Way
[page break]
V.G.O. SAFETY DEVICE.
[circled 1]. SAFETY CATCH
as the safety catch is rotated to S (safe) a lever engages a step on the trigger preventing it from being rotated
[circled 2]. Firing Pin spring.
Prevents premature firing & damage to firing pin by keeping it in its housing until the breech is fully locked.
[circled 3]. GAS ESCAPE HOLE IN BB.
Aids the escape of gases in the event of a blowback.
[circled 4]. 3/10" HORIZONTAL SURFACE.
(a) Backward action.
Ensures the bullet & bulk of gases have left gun before BB is unloaded.
(b). Ensures the BB is fully locked before the round is fired.
[circled 5]. Locking & Unlocking of BB.
[page break]
Theory of AIR Sighting.
Definitions
[underlined] 1. Muzzle Velocity [/underlined] is the velocity imparted to projectile by charge usually measured in ft per sec.
[underlined] 2. Line of sight [/underlined] is a straight line from the firers eye thru sights to target.
[underlined] 3 Fixed guns [/underlined] are those which are mounted rigidly on an A/C. The gun is fixed so that it fires straight forward along or to the line of flight of the A/C. In order to lay the gun it is necessary to manouver [sic] the A/C until it is flying in the direction the gunner wishes to fire
[underlined] 4. Free guns [/underlined] are those which are so mounted on the A/C that the line of fire relative to the gunners A/C may be varied at the will of the gunner
[underlined] 5. Own speed. [/underlined] Is the speed of A/C carrying the gun.
[underlined] 6. Target speed [/underlined] Is the speed of the A/C to be fired at.
[page break]
[underlined] 7. Line of Alignment [/underlined]
Is a straight line from the firers eye, thru centre of ring sight to a point of harmonization
[underlined] 8. Angle of deflection. [/underlined]
Is the angle between the line of sight & the line of alignment.
[underlined] 9. Deflection [/underlined]
Is the distance moved by the target during the time of flight of the bullet
[underlined] 10. Point of Intersection. [/underlined]
Is a place where the bullet & the target meet.
[underlined] 11. Trajectory [/underlined]
Is the actual path of the bullet thru the air.
[underlined] 12. Cone of Fire [/underlined]
Is that portion of space which contains trajectory of all bullets fired. (In one burst).
[underlined] 13. Points of Harmonization. [/underlined]
Is that point at which the line
[page break]
of sight intercepts the trajectory [deleted] of [/deleted] under certain specified conditions
[underlined] 14. Sight base [/underlined] is the distance from the firers eye to the centre of the ring sight
[underlined] 15. Gravity Drop. [/underlined] Is the distance dropped by the bullet below the axis of the barrel, during the time of flight over the required range.
[underlined] Factors [/underlined] affecting the path of a bullet fired from An A/C
[underlined] 1 [/underlined]. Muzzle Velocity
[underlined] 2. [/underlined] Velocity of A/C from which it was fired.
[underlined] 3 [/underlined]. Action of Gravity.
[underlined] 4 [/underlined]. Air Resistance
[underlined] Aspect of the Target. [/underlined]
The target presents itself to the firer in one of the following aspects.
[underlined] 1 [/underlined]. It may be flying towards or away from him.
[underlined] 2 [/underlined]. It may be moving at an angle to the firers line of flight.
In number [circled 1]. The gunner takes direct aim at the A/C.
[page break]
[inserted] In [/inserted] [circled 2]. the sighting conditions are different, the angles the target may make with the firers line of flight are many, & with each a different aim is required. The principal of each aim however is the same. The firer must move his gun so that the bullet and target meet.
[underlined] Principles of Deflection. [/underlined]
[circled 1]. The A/C must be flying towards the path of flight of the bullet.
[circled 2]. The gunner must lay his gun so that the bullet & E/A meet, to achieve this a special sight is necessary. The sight must be so constructed so as to give the correct deflection for every possible angle of attack.
The only sight fulfilling these requirements would be a sphere. It must be transparent & therefore would fail in the service owing to fragility.
The only possible form of sight is a ring sight, which only alows [sic] for attack
[page break]
at 90° to the pilots line of flight.
With this as a guide & with [underlined] constant practice [/underlined] gunners can determine the correct position of the target A/C in relation to this ring for other angles of Attack.
[underlined] Method of Using Ring Bead Sight [/underlined]
[underlined] 1 [/underlined]. Firers eye, the bead, & centre of the ring, must be in the same straight line.
[underlined] 2 [/underlined]. The firers eye must be a definite distance from the ring sight. (sight base).
[underlined] 3 [/underlined]. The target A/C must be flying towards the centre of the ring.
Date of construction of Enemy Speed Sight.
[page break]
[underlined] Reasons for Keeping Red on Red [/underlined]
[circled 1]. Correctly positions fore-sights.
[circled 2]. Sets the correct bombing angle.
[circled 3]. Sets correct G/S. & correct Drift angle.
[circled 4]. Orientates bearing plate in relation to M North.
[page break]
[blank page]
[page break]
[blank page]
[page break]
[deleted] ME 110. [/deleted]
Engines DB 601 N
Ceiling 36,000ft
MPH 350
4 cannon or 4 mg + 2 cannon.
Engines 3/4 undersling [sic] in line engines.
Big air intakes outboard of motors.
Medium high tail [deleted] 2 [/deleted]
BV 141
[sketch]
[sketch]
[page break]
[underlined] JU 86. [/underlined] Obsolete [inserted] SPAN 74 IN. [/inserted]
SPEED 220 150-160 Cruise
[deleted] [sketch]
[sketch]
IN LINE OR RADIAL ENGINES. [/deleted]
[sketch]
Shaded part is only part that is real other is a balls up.
[page break]
HE 111. TORPEDO DROPPERS. 74
[sketch]
[sketch]
[sketch]
[page break]
VENTURA Medium Bomber [inserted] Top speed 300mph. [/inserted] SPAN 66 ft.
[inserted] new Coastal Command [/inserted]
2 front, 2 mid upper, 1 under tail.
[sketch]
[sketch]
[page break]
[annotated sketch]
BEAUFORT II SPAN 58ft.
270 Top Speed SL 230
BRISTOL TAURUS Obs. Pilot W/O AG.
P&W WASP MID WING
[sketch]
MED, LENGTH NOSE
MEDIUM
DIHED
MID WING
STRT CENTRE SECTION
[sketch]
[sketch]
[page break]
[inserted] SPEED 217. [/inserted]
HE 115. [deleted] 7 [/deleted] [inserted] 7 [/inserted]6ft
[sketch]
MID WING
Radials
Recco
Torp
Mines
[annotated sketch]
[annotated sketch]
[page break]
CANT Z 1007 Bis. [underlined] 81 ft. [/underlined] ITALY
8000lbs load HEAVY BOMBER
Speed 280 3 ENGINE.
Range 3,100 miles
at 240
Ceiling 31,000ft
[sketch]
[sketch]
[sketch]
[page break]
FIAT G50 35ft
144 2lb bombs. Speed 250
2 1/2" guns.
[sketch]
[sketch]
[sketch]
[page break]
[inserted] 51 [/inserted]
BREDA 88
SHLDR WING
[sketch]
FTR BOMBER
334 M.P.H.
Range 1000mls
BL 2.000lbs
Cruis Sp 322.
2 cannon 2 m/c
in nose
[sketch]
[sketch]
[page break]
BREDA 65 39FT
GRD ATTACK T.S. 267 mph.
FIGHTER.
CARRIES 1,000lbs bombs.
2 1/2 & 2 .303 m/g
[sketch]
[sketch]
[sketch]
[page break]
WALRUS 46ft
RECCO
A/S/R.
SPOTTING
150 MPH
90 CRUISE
50 CRUISE
[sketch]
[sketch]
[sketch]
[page break]
Harvard [inserted] II [/inserted] 43. Speed 200mph
2 .303 m/c.
[sketch]
[annotated sketch]
[sketch]
[underlined] PLAN [/underlined]
Nose Wings (LE WING TR/EDGE WING)
FUSE AFT T/P.
[underlined] SIDE [/underlined] NOSE TOP FUSE BOT FUSE FINE RUDDER
[page break]
SPAN 96 BOMBAY SPEED 113
[annotated sketch]
[sketch]
[annotated sketch]
[page break]
B.V 142 [underlined] 96 [/underlined] ft.
TRANSPORT.
[sketch]
[sketch]
[sketch]
[page break]
[underlined] ME 210. [/underlined] 53
FTR BOMBER.
LW MONOPLAN
DH FROM ROOTS
[sketch]
[sketch]
[annotated sketch]
[page break]
HENSCHEL 129 50ft.
[annotated sketch]
[sketch]
[sketch]
[page break]
[blank page]
[page break]
[symbol]
INT GR proced.
Distress procedure.
Codanste
Repetition
Learn how to use letters, particularly address.
[page break]
[blank page]
[page break]
[symbol VE] M8P VP6HY R+
[underlined] W/T SILENCE. [/underlined]
Silence [symbol VE] M8P M8P V Q9X [under/overlined] HM HM HM HM HM + [/under/overlined]
Raise Silence BAN [symbol VE] M8PM8P VQ9X UOUOUOUOUO +
Silence is only used for getting hold of frequency.
This silence can be broken when the main station calls one of the stations in the group, it answers then goes on silence again. silence can also be [deleted] sent [/deleted] broken for SOS & distress signals.
[underlined] PAN. URGENCY Signal. [/underlined]
W/T
PAN, PAN, PAN, GLD,GLD,GLD, DE. GEZAA. – message K.
R/T.
PAN.PAN.PAN. HOLLOW LANDS END HOLLOW LANDS END.
ROYAL AIR FORCE GEZAA calling Royal Air Force Gezaa calling, Message Spoken twice
OVer.
[page break]
Message by D/C
When you ask the station to use D/c he sends call twice but leaves out VE second time, he repeats everything twice. The groups are repeated independently they are said twice.
L2W operate on 5,341 Kcs have a message for S6K who operates on 7,642 Hs control station operates on both these frequencies call sign IDF write message to S6K.
[symbol VE] . [deleted] L2W [/deleted] V [deleted] IDF. [/deleted]
[symbol VE] ID FV L2W NR2. - P-T- [deleted] GR10 - [/deleted] [inserted] GR9= Z- = 272359 B.K [/inserted] S6KVL2W
me [symbol] P6HY send to base [deleted] telling him I wish [/deleted] [inserted] ask permission [/inserted] to land on satellite, want base to inform drome, drome has no [deleted] [indecipherable word] [/deleted] W/T but its call is N9K, base Y3P is responsible for all traffic for N9K.
E Y3PVP6HY NR2-P-T- [deleted] GR10 [/deleted] [inserted] Z [/inserted] N9K-P6HY.
GR9= [symbol] = 272359B.K
Ask D/c station for Bearing he answers 2IMI explain fully what this means & how would you answer it.
[page break]
[underlined] Classes of Bearing. [/underlined]
1st Class Bearing = -+ 2° error. Sharp minimum.
2nd Class Bearing -+ 5° error less well defined minimum
3rd Class Bearing over -+ 5° error ill defined minimum
[underlined] Class of Positions. [/underlined]
1st Class Position 2 or more first class bearings.
2nd Class Position 1 first class bearing & one or more 2nd class bearings
3rd Class Position Bearings other than 1st Class.
[symbol VE] c/s v c/s K
[symbol VE] cs v c/s K3 - X3 - DC.
D/C Difficult Communications
[symbol VE] c/s c/s NR2 - c/s c/s NR2 - P.P.
[underlined] GR25 [/underlined] GR25 - Z - c/s v c/s Z - c/s v c/s
ABCD ABCD, EFGH EFGH, IJKL IJKL
081224 - 081224 R
[symbol VE] c/s V c/s BNR2.
[page break]
[symbol VE] c/s v c/s NR3 - P - GR22 - Z - c/s v c/s =
=091236-DC-K
[underlined] Visual Procedure. [/underlined]
Good for security.
It is being received word for word as it is T.
It is light & not bulky.
[underlined] D/F Procedure. [/underlined] Ideal [underlined] 100 - 1000 KCS. [/underlined]
Position transmitted by Letter Coordinates [inserted] M8P [/inserted] 400M
Tune in to 400m (Stations given by your group).
[symbol VE] M8PM8P V P6HY X7 [deleted] 0 [/deleted] 2 [underlined] 15secs [/underlined] [/inserted] K. [symbol] satellite
[inserted] [symbol] what is my position. [symbol] satellite
[underlined] Challenge [/underlined] [symbol VE] P6HY V M8P 3 IMI K.
[symbol VE] M8T V P6HY 874 - [inserted] 15 secs [/inserted] K.
[symbol VE] P6HY V M8P x 714 - ACEB-1343-P6HY-FIRST-220131B K.
[page break]
X2Q SEND [inserted] [symbol] until he gets an answer. [/inserted] A2B SENDS
A2BP, A2BPA2BP etc A2B
A2B V X2Q K
[inserted] [symbol] This does for calling up [/inserted]
Priority P T
No. [deleted] of Groups [/deleted] G [inserted] repeat back. [/inserted] G (T)
No. of Grps. GR GR (T)
[double underlined] C [/double underlined] [double underlined] [/double underlined]
c
A17 A17
c
22 22
c
JUNE JUNE
xTLBP xTLBP
c
LTBMP LTBNP (INCORRECT)
LTBMP LTBMP
c
= 220925 =220925
c
+ R.
If you find an unknown station you send AA until he answers with his call sign.
[page break]
VERIFICATION TABLE [underlined] No 24 [/underlined] IMI. [inserted] [indecipherable words] [/inserted]
[inserted] [indecipherable word] [/inserted] CODES. Layout of D/F [indecipherable word]
[symbol] N3C
[table]
[symbol VE]. P6HY VM8P 3IMI K.
The G/S challenges you after you have asked for bearing or position by X signal you look up time on side & the number he asks on the top & answer figure found on table, then give
[symbol VE] M8PV P6HY 874 - [inserted] 15 secs [/inserted] K.
[page break]
J [symbol] CHECK [underlined] Origin. [/underlined] Check & [underlined] repeat. [/underlined]
[symbol VE] A2LV c3D NR6 - J1205 = 08 1308 K.
Q.J.M.
Check from Decode & Repeat
[symbol VE] A2A V C3D NR5 - QJM 1205 081407 K.
[symbol VE] A2A V B3B NR2 - GR14 aaa
1/632179 2/LAC 3/Jones 4/R 5/to 6/report 7/to 8/” “/AOC 9
25/GRP/10 on/11 the/12 12/7/43/13 = 081225/14 K.
“ “ / [circled 8] / [circled 9] / ( ) /
AOC 1
LAC 1
12/6 1
12 JUNE 2
16/6/5/42/67 1
0932 [symbol VE] H8Y H8Y V N3C [overlined] HM HM HM HM HM [/overlined] +
This W/T silence must not be broken except for O-A, [underlined] O-U, priority or [/underlined] distress.
[symbol VE] H8Y H8Y V N3C UO UO UO UO UO breaks the W/T silence.
[page break]
[symbol VE] A2A B3B C4D V N3C NR2-NR4-NR7
-P-4 GR26-Z- C/S C/S C/S V C/S K.
[underlined] Visual Procedure. [/underlined]
T used to acknowledge each word or group.
W I cannot read owing to bad light, bad alignment or bad background.
AA Unknown station call.
LL, your light is too powerful, dim it.
MR Move to your right
ML Move to your left,
MO Move lower down, or nearer in.
MH Move higher up, or further away.
[symbol VE] made continuously constitutes the visual signal general call. (you call up more than one station).
OL Open light
x 2Q [deleted] MAKES [/deleted] [inserted] SENDS [/inserted] A2B [deleted] MAKES [/deleted] [inserted] SENDS [/inserted]
A2B, A2B, A2B. - A2B
A2B v X2Q K
GR6 T
aaa= T
A16 T
22 T
JUNE T
WEATHER T
UNFIT T
= 2209207 T
+ R.
[page break]
W/T [underlined] Distress. [/underlined]
[underlined] SAFETY SIGNAL. [/underlined]
TTT. sent 3 times.
International Distress Frequency 500 Kcs.
TTT, TTT, TTT. [deleted] [indecipherable letters] [/deleted] [inserted] [deleted] [indecipherable letters] [/deleted] /[inserted] DECIVVY C/S/C/S C/S.=
use “GEZAA” ANY BRITISH KITE
[underlined] URGENCY SIGNAL. [/underlined]
[underlined] PAN [/underlined] when an A/C is not requiring immediate assistance
PAN, PAN, PAN C/S C/S C/S DE C/S C/S C/S
sent on any frequency. own [inserted] commercial [/inserted] call sign
if not GEZAA again.
[underlined] Distress Procedure. [/underlined]
SOS, SOS. SOS. v [inserted] DE [/inserted] C/S C/S C/S aaa
Posn 030˚ N'CASTLE 12 (If time [inserted] give [/inserted] deatails [sic]). [symbol] if possible.
[inserted] Send 3 times.
Base Freq [inserted] send [/inserted] until answered.
When answered [symbol]
International Distress Freq 600M [inserted] or [/inserted] 500 Kcs then repeat above.
If no answer, and have to bale out, clamp down key on this frequency
Give no time.
[page break]
[underlined] R/T Distress. [/underlined] [annotated diagram]
On Base Freq.
MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY. SWALLOW Red FOUR CALLING. [underlined] POS'N. [/underlined] ([underlined] News [/underlined]) Engine on fire. OVER.
SWITCH TO RECEIVE AT “OVER”. if no answer try again until its necessary to bail out.
[underlined] The Executive Sign [/underlined]
The 5 minute dash.
[symbol VE] A2A v C3C x443K.
ANSWER.
[symbol VE] C3C v A2A x445-1502.--- - --
[inserted] SENDS SHORT BREAK/- - - - - [symbol] 5 sec dash [underlined] 1502 K.
[symbol VE] A2A v L2P x443. 1215K [inserted] [symbol] [symbol VE] L2P v A2A [underlined] R. [/underlined] [symbol VE] A2A v L2P [underlined] K4. [/underlined]
[symbol VE]. L2R v A2A R+
[symbol VE] L2P v A2A x445 1215 [symbol] 1215 K
If you think you hear your call sign don't answer, wait till it is repeated & then make sure.
[page break]
5,000kcs 5,600
[symbol] [symbol] [symbol]
[symbol] B4P
A3L 6,000Ks D6P
[symbol] N3C [symbol] R4K
C O
[symbol] [symbol]
[symbol VE] A3L v B4D NR1 – P – M - D6P – T - N3C
- GR26 - Z - R4K v B4D =
S T [underlined] E [/underlined]
[symbol] = 082009 K.
/N --.--
[symbol VE] c/s V c/s B NR1 K CALLING
[symbol VE] c/s V c/s /N NR1 K PLEASE ANSWER
[symbol VE] c/s c/s V c/s /N K
FOR CHRIST'S SAKE REPLY (IM CHEESED)
[page break]
[circled O]. [symbol VE] c/s V c/s NR2 - O -
[symbol VE] OOO V c/s K. CLEAR THE AIR. [inserted] EMERGENCY [/inserted]
[symbol VE] PPP. V c/s K. CLEAR THE AIR. IMPORT
Use of [symbol AS]
[symbol VE] H8D, H8D V C3B [symbol AS]
[circled R] Received.
[symbol VE] c/s v c/s BNR2 K K = carry on
[symbol VE] c/s v c/s RNR2 + + = folding up [inserted] end of mess [/inserted]
[circled H] Im counting the no of groups
[circled X], For exercise or denote Strength of Interf.
[page break]
2). O-U most immediate enemy ground forces. NO DELAY.
3). O Emergency Operations.
4). O-P Emergency Operations 30 minutes to send out
5). P. Important 45 minutes to send out
6). D. Deferred, up to 48 hours.
7). X Exercise
[symbol VE] A2A V B3D NR2 - P - 6 - GR? - Z - L42VB3D.
S
[symbol] = 120945 [inserted] T = [/inserted] + [inserted] E [/inserted]
[symbol VE] A2A V B3B +
[symbol VE] B3B V A2A K4+
[symbol VE] A2A V B3B NR3 - GR26 = T/071227 E+.
S
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Notes on Gunnery
Description
An account of the resource
A note book with details on gunnery and aircraft recognition.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ted Neale
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
A book of 24 handwritten pages
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Text. Training material
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Royal Air Force
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Rights
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This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Identifier
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MNealeETH1395951-150731-068
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Roger Dunsford
air gunner
aircrew
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/1246/16402/MNealeETH1395951-150731-0620001.1.jpg
e2782e96eb326b95977e3c53e48f6096
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/1246/16402/MNealeETH1395951-150731-0620002.1.jpg
686cece59abc8b04c9d9b0171de0795a
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/1246/16402/MNealeETH1395951-150731-0620003.1.jpg
139b868cc2dcdd2341999397605aa422
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/1246/16402/MNealeETH1395951-150731-0620004.1.jpg
01409286b620f7906a67fc17223a25ec
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Neale, Ted
E T H Neale
Description
An account of the resource
123 items. The collection concerns Edward Thomas Henry Neale (b. 1922, 1395951 Royal Air Force) who served as a navigator with 37 Squadron in North Africa, the Middle East and Italy. The collection contains his training notebooks from South Africa as well as propaganda leaflets dropped by the allies in the Mediterranean theatre.
The collection also contains a photograph album, navigation logs and target photographs.
The collection has been loaned to the IBCC Digital Archive for digitisation by Alison Neale and catalogued by Barry Hunter.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015-07-31
Rights
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This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Neale, ETH
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Navigation Log
SAAF Form 441
Description
An account of the resource
Log of a flight from Suez. Water damaged.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ted Neale
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Four-page printed booklet with handwritten annotations
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Text. Training material
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
MNealeETH1395951-150731-0620001,
MNealeETH1395951-150731-0620002,
MNealeETH1395951-150731-0620003,
MNealeETH1395951-150731-0620004
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Royal Air Force
South African Air Force
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
aircrew
navigator
training
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/1246/16391/MNealeETH1395951-150731-052.2.pdf
603baf246dd35b8b67169fd4f0ebb6f4
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Neale, Ted
E T H Neale
Description
An account of the resource
123 items. The collection concerns Edward Thomas Henry Neale (b. 1922, 1395951 Royal Air Force) who served as a navigator with 37 Squadron in North Africa, the Middle East and Italy. The collection contains his training notebooks from South Africa as well as propaganda leaflets dropped by the allies in the Mediterranean theatre.
The collection also contains a photograph album, navigation logs and target photographs.
The collection has been loaned to the IBCC Digital Archive for digitisation by Alison Neale and catalogued by Barry Hunter.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015-07-31
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Neale, ETH
Transcribed document
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading.
Transcription
Text transcribed from audio recording or document
[underlined] Dyne [/underlined]
Dyne is that force which acting on a mass of one gramme will give an acceleration of 1cm per sec every sec
[underlined] Unit Pole [/underlined]
Where two exactly similar poles placed Icm apart repel each other with a force of one dyne, each is said to be a unit pole.
[underlined] Pole Strength [/underlined], is the number of unit poles contained in the pole.
[underlined] Intensity of a Magnetic field [/underlined].
If a single pole is placed at different points in a magnetic field it is subject to different forces, thus we say that the field varies in intensity,
[underlined] Magnetic Moment of a Magnet. [/underlined]
Is the measure of its tendency to turn or be turned by another magnet, it is the product of the
[page break]
pole strength & the distance between the poles.
[underlined] Hard & Soft Iron. [/underlined]
This terminology applies only to the magnetic qualities of the metal & not to their other physical qualities although it is often true, hard iron is iron which is difficult to magnetise & once magnetised it will stay magnetised. Soft Iron on the other hand is easy to magnetise, but which easily loses its magnetism.
[underlined] Permeability [/underlined]
Is the tendency of a magnetic material, when placed in a magnetic field to draw the lines of force within itself, since it offers less resistance to the lines of force than does the air. [underlined] Soft Iron [/underlined] is more permeable than [underlined] Hard Iron [/underlined]. a [underlined] soft
[page break]
Iron [/underlined] rod lying along the field of a magnet will be magnetised by induction, should the rod be lying at right angles to the field it will not be magnetised.
The Earth is in a magnetic field, caused mainly by an iron core in the centre of the earth, there are two external magnetic pole. N.M.P. HUDSON S.MP at Victorialand. The N.M.P. is blue in character and the S.M.P. is red. The Magnetic poles are always changing their positions & the magnetic field is constantly varying its direction relative to the true meridians.
The Earths field is strong enough to give directional properties to a freely suspended magnet, but it is not strong enough to actually move a magnetised body bodily. Let us freely suspend a small magnet within the
[page break]
terrestrial sphere it will be seen that the magnet indicates twice the magnetic lines of force at the locality at which we suspend it, & the direction that it indicates can be viewed in two planes, namely horizontal & vertical with reference to the Earths surface. In the horizontal plane it will indicate a direction which we can compare with the direction of the true Meridian or true North, while in the vertical plane the direction indicated will be in reference to the plane of the horizontal at the point of suspension. Thus it will be seen that the total strength of the terrestrial magnetic field can be resolved into 2 components that which acts in the vertical plane & that which acts in the horizontal plane, the respective values of which will depend upon the angle of
[page break]
dip of the magnetic lines of force in respect of the earths surface. Dip is the angle between the direction of the Earths field & the horizontal field, we have seen therefore that a portion of the total magnetic field strength is acting in a horizontal direction, this is the force which the navigator is interested in, that is the direction indicated in the horizontal plane, then we arrive at the magnetic compass which is simply a system of small magnets, usually four in number. Mounted in such a manner that it is free to direction in the horizontal plane only & will be influenced only in the horizontal magnetic field indicate the horizontal direction of the lines of force of that field at the locality in which it is placed. In short the function of the magnetic compass is to indicate direction of
[page break]
magnetic north which however is not necessarily true north. If therefore we know the angular difference between magnetic N & true N it will be easy to establish the direction of true N. The angular difference between T & M North in the horizontal plane is known as variation which varies with position on the Earth & is a known value for any position on the Earth.
[underlined] Methods of Conveying Variation on a Map. [/underlined]
1/. Isographs
2/. M. Compass Rose
3/. Diagram & Statement in words in margin of large scl map where variation is constant all over map.
When applying variation to bearings apply it from the position you are in, but in applying variation to courses except extremely long ones, apply the near variation between that at the point of
[page break]
departure & that at the destination, in each case make certain that it has been corrected for annual change.
[underlined] Deviation [/underlined]
Is the angle between the magnetic Meridian & the direction taken up by the compass needle, lying in a magnetic field, which is not coincident with the Earths magnetic field, if the compass needle is deflected to the right then deviation is termed Easterly or plus, but if the needle is deflected to the left then Deviation is Westerly or minus.
Aircrafts compasses are corrected for the major part of this deviation but even after correction, a certain deviation remains, this is found on various headings, & the results are put down on form 316 for Pilot & 316A for Obser compass. (Bearing. (Steering).
[page break]
Deviation is relative to the magnetic heading of the A/C.
[underlined] Magnetic Compasses [/underlined]
Types of Compasses in use.
P.4 Standard Pilots Type 4 magnets & Expansion Chamber
P4A as above but has a bakelite bulb floating ring & Grid ring
P6 Smaller edition of P4 two magnets & sylphon tube
P7 Constructed on same basis as P6 but is a vertical reader. it has a glass bottom on a sylphon tube
P8 Developement of P6, bakelite Floating Ring & Grid Ring
P9 Modified P8 with glass bottom on sylphon tube & can thus be read vertically
O.2 Standard Observers compass designed for taking bearings, has expansion chamber & 4 magnets
O6. Hand bearing compass, sylphon tube 2 magnets illuminated bowl, can also be used in place of a landing compass.
[underlined] Landing Compass [/underlined]
Two rather large magnets, sylphon tube sighting device
[page break]
[underlined] Compass Construction [/underlined] .
For aircraft compasses it is necessary to have a system which has the following essentials
[circled 1]. It should get off the mark quickly in a turn.
[circled 2] After the turn it should quickly return to normal, in other words the system should be dead beat, this is accomplished as follows.
[circled a] by means of damping wires attached to the system, the whole system being emerged in liquid.
[circled b]b. A large magnetic moment (magnet moment is power of the magnet).
[circled c]. A small moment of inertia, this is achieved by concentrating weight of the system as near centre as possible, by having 2 or 4 magnets instead of 1 large magnet.
General Description of magnetic system The system consists of a dome
[page break]
attatched [sic] to a small plate which is bent downwards so that small magnets can be accomadated [sic] in small holes punched out of the plate, also attached to the plate are 8 damping wires of which the N & S wire has a Mesathorium [sic] tube fitted along its whole length, with another small one attached at its N seeking end. The E & W wire also has a small tube, the magnets are S end heavy to counteract the wt of the tube at the N end. The whole system is made of German silver except the magnets which are 15% steel, there is no soldering, joining is done by units of screws. The mesathorium [sic] tubes are held in place by the black paint with which the finished system is painted, the damping liquid so that
[circled a]. It will act as a damping element
[circled b] It will reduce the weight on the system.
[underlined] Properties of the liquid [/underlined].
[circled 1] It must be cheap and easily obtainable
[circled 2]. It must be transparent
[circled 3]. It must have a small coefficient of expansion
[circled 4]. It must be able to stand up to a large range of temperatures.
[circled 5].it must not attack metal or boil of system.
[ circled 6]. It must have a low S.G.
A liquid possessing most of these properties is alcohol. It has a comparatively high coefficient of expansion, while its S.G is .816, moreover it attacks black paint & magnet system & eventually produces a sediment.
[page break]
A.S.I. CALIBRATOR MK 4
[diagram showing test apparatus]
Close drain cock. Pressure chamber screw loose. Level Instrument. Pour distilled water into tube until water is level to [symbol] on scale. Connect Rubber tube from B to ASI. to be calibrated. Screw up pressure chamber which exerts pressure on top of liquid column, through tube to ASI up to readings up to Max on the scale, then with the aid of Needle Valve back to minimum or zero.
[page break]
MK 4.E. MANOMETER.
[diagram showing test apparatus]
Connect pito tube of ASI by means of rubber tubing to nipple below connector box. screw pump connection onto pressure valve above.
[circled 2] Check level of Instrument. Check adjustment of scales to ensure reading of each tube is set at [symbol]
[page break]
Close release valve.
Turn change over cock right to connect to water anamometer [sic]. Pump slowly until water reaches first mark on scale. 40 miles p/h or knots Read ASI & record both readings Pump again until Reading next to be checked is reached & again take readings. Repeat until top of scale is reached. After taking the last reading on the water monometer [sic] turn change over cock to left so that the indicator is in communication with the mercury monometer pump till the reading of the mercury column is the same as the last reading of the water column. this will check the monometers against each other. Continue up the scale of the mercury column to the highest reading of the A.S.I. Repeat the readings in reverse sequence by regulating the pressure by the release valve.
[page break]
[diagram of aneroid barometer]
[underlined] ANEROID BAROMETER. [/underlined]
The instrument contains a round, flat, vacuum box, made of corrugated metal from which the air has been exhausted, one side of this box is attached to the outer case of the instrument, the case is not air tight so that the pressure inside is the same as that of the surrounding air. The pressure of the atmosphere tends to make the box collapse, but it is prevented from doing so by a spring to which the free side is attached. Decrease of
[page break]
atmospheric pressure reduces the load on the box & allows the spring to extend, the resulting movement which is very small, is magnified by a system of connecting links & transferred to a pointer registering on a scale which is graduated in terms of height. Incorporated in the Instrument is a compensator bar, composed partly of steel & partly of brass, which by reason of the different expansion coefficients counteract the effects of temperature changes in the instrument.
[page break]
Portable Calibrator MK I
[diagram of apparatus]
Set up on bench so that it has good top light..
Place altimeter in chamber with standard altimeter, set readings to correspond. if standard altimeter reads above zero increase pressure with bike pump. if reading is below zero bring it up by exhausting chamber, until it does. Readings should be checked every 1,000 ft, at a rate not more than a 1,000 ft per min, continue until top
[page break]
of scale is reached. Reverse the procedure by gradually increasing the pressure, by letting air in leak valve E.
[calculations of watch corrections]
[page break]
[underlined] Mags & Compasses. [/underlined]
[diagram of compass]
P4 has expansion chamber & 4 mags
P6 has Silphon [sic] tube & 2 mags
O2 is a hand bearing compass.
azimuth Bracket, with bearing card attatched [sic] to magnet system.
[underlined] Paragraph References [/underlined]
[list of chapters and paragraphs in unspecified publication]
[page break]
[calculation of time difference compared to GMT]
[page break]
[calculation of astronomical observations]
16 April 43
[page break]
[underlined] The Mercury Barometer [/underlined] Advantage
Accurate
[underlined] Disadvantage [/underlined] Can be [illegible], fragile & has to be set for every new [illegible]
[underlined] Variation of Pressure [/underlined]
[illegible]
[diagrams of winds in N and S hemispheres]
[page break]
The closer the Isobars the stronger the wind.
Winds are measured with an anemometer.
[underlined] Beaufort Scale [/underlined]
[circled 1]. It relates the speed of the wind to its effect on the objects.
[circled 2]. It can be applied when no instruments are available.
[circled 3]. It facilitates the plotting the wind speed on a weather map.
Pilot Balloon. Measuring Upper Winds
Smoke Puffs
Cloud movements
W/T Balloons
[underlined] Value of knowledge of Upper Winds. [/underlined]
[circled 1]. Economy in time & fuel
[circled 2]. For navigation
[circled 3]. May indicate pressure distribution at 1500 ft.
[page break]
[underlined] Backing & Veering of Wind. [/underlined]
[diagram]
[underlined] Gusts [/underlined] are sudden changes in wind speed and direction, caused by surface irregularities
[underlined] Visibility [/underlined]
[underlined] Code [/underlined] [underlined] Distance [/underlined]
9 31 miles Excellent
8 12 1/2 ‘’ V Good
7 6 1/4 ‘’ Good
6 2 1/2 ‘’ Moderate hazy
5 1 1/4 ‘’ Poor
4 1100 yds Mist
3 550 ‘’ Fog
2 220 ‘’ ‘’
1 55 ‘’ ‘’
0 0-55 ‘’ ‘’
[page break]
[underlined] Causes of Obscurity. [/underlined]
Moisture
Fog or Mist
Cloud
Precipitation
Spray
solid Particles
Dust
Smoke
Radiation Fog (LAND)
Formation of Radiation fog. Moist Air, a high dew point, & clear sky, allowing free re radiation of heat at night, Earth cools, cools air above it & when it cools below Dew Point condensation will occur, water droplets will be formed, a light wind 3 – 5 miles ph, to cause slight turbulence, spreads moisture, you get fog. [circled 1]. There will be an inversion. [circled 2]. The fog tends to collect in valley & hollows.
[page break]
Dispersal by.
[circled 1]. heating after sunrise, fog evaporates into warmer air.
[circled 2]. An increase in wind strength, carries fog up to form strato-cumulus at top of inversion.
[underlined] Movement Fog. [/underlined]
Moist air moves over a cold sea surface cools below dew point, Condensation, water droplets, fog. Depth increases with time, dispersed by increase in Wind Strength, a change in Wind direction.
[underlined] Cloud. [underlined] is composed of water droplets suspended in the atmosphere
[underlined] Conditions for Formation. [/underlined]
1/. Moisture
2/. Condensation Nuclei.
3/. Cooling by rising.
[circled 1]. Convection currents cause by surface heating.
[circled 2]. Mechanically over mountains or cold air.
[circled 3]. Turbulence
[page break]
[underlined] CLOUD DESCRIPTIONS. [/underlined]
[table of cloud types, heights and descriptions]
[page break]
[underlined] Effect of Ice Secretion. [/underlined]
I. Alter Airefoil [sic], less lift
II. Iced up carb, effect engine,
III. May effect Controls
IIII. On airscrew, sling lumps of ice about
V. Freeze up windows. Vision blotted.
Watch Temperature in cloud.
Descend to warmer levels, or else climb out of cloud, if you meet the other clouds, climb into the ice crystals and they are CIRRUS (STRAT & CUM0, [illegible] are not dangerous.
[page break]
[table describing hazards of being in clouds]
[underlined] Aviation Weather Report. [/underlined]
111 Cl Cm WW Vh Nh DD F W N
111 – No of Station
Cl Form of low cloud
Cm ‘’ ‘’ medium ‘’
WW present weather
V horizontal visibility from point on surface.
h. Height of low cloud in feet above the surface (aerodrome)
Nh Amount of low cloud
DD. Wind direction 02 to 32
F Wind force by Beaufort Scale
W. Past Weather.
N Total Amount of Cloud.
[page break]
[underlined] Synoptic Weather Report. [/underlined]
[diagram of weather chart symbols]
[underlined] Low Cloud [/underlined]
[table showing symbols for different cloud types]
Ops Value of clouds how heap clouds are formed. Fog
[page break]
[diagram of typical weather chart]
[diagram of cloud formation]
[diagram of inversion]
[page break]
[underlined] Cumulonimbus [/underlined]
1/. Especially violent heaps
2/. very poor visibility
4 Hail
5/ Lightning
6 Squalls
[underlined] Precipitation [/underlined].
Rain
Drizzle
Snow
Sleet Mixture of Snow & rain F.P. near Earth
Hail. originate as Ice Crystals, snow coming thru Super Cld water, gathers size & suspended by violent Up Currents & when it gets too heavy it comes down.
[page break]
[underlined] Altimeter [/underlined]
MK XIII Isothermal
L.R. 1013.2 mbs 10C. Temperature Changes.
M XIV Kollsman Sensitive Altimeter (ICAN).
1013.2 mbs - 15C
Lapes [sic] Rt 1.98C / 1000 ft – 36090 ft - 565C
[underlined] Aireys Rule [/underlined]
[underlined] Setting Kollsman AltifurRing [/underlined]
1/. Set to Pr of Aerodrome set on Altir & Alti will read 0 at aero & in flight will read ht above Aerodrome.
2/. Set to ht of Aerodrome should indicate MSL pressure & vice-versa. In flight ht above M.S.L.
[underlined] Q.F.E. [/underlined] Request for Station level pressure.
[underlined] QFF. [/underlined] Request for pressure reduced to M.S.L. (according to ICAN Law) accompanied by Ht of station
[page break]
[table of pressure differences at varying heights above MSL]
[underlined] Diurnal Variation of Temp. [/underlined]
Plot the temperature for the day, the diurnal variation is the difference in temperature at different times of the day.
[calculation of diurnal variation]
[page break]
E. J. H. Neale. (L.A.C. 1395951)
Ex – [underlined] (Woolwich Arsenal) [/underlined] apprentice.
Home Address. 1 Joan Crescent. Eltham S.E.9 London England.
Present Address 48 Air School, Woodbrook East London. South Africa.
[page break]
[underlined] Inversion [/underlined] an increase of temperature with height up to a certain point.
[underlined] The Effects of an Inversion. [/underlined]
[circled 1]. It prevents convection [circled 2] Very smooth flying conditions [circled 3] An Inversion will trap impurities in the air [circled 4] Poor Visibility.
[underlined] Instability. [/underlined] Unstable air is air which is warmer than the surrounding air & therefore tends to rise.
Stable air is colder than the surrounding air & therefore heavier.
[table of heights and temperatures]
[underlined] Atmospheric Pressure. [/underlined]
Wt of air per unit area.
[underlined] Standard Atmospheric Pressure. [/underlined]
1013.2 mbs at Latitude 45, Temperature 0C
[underlined] Advanatages of an Aneroid Barometer. [/underlined]
Requires no liquid, Compact, Portable, can be used as a barograph or altimeter. [underlined] Disadvantages [/underlined] It does not measure pressure on the [illegible] comparison with a mercury [illegible] mechanical defects. [circled 3]. There is [illegible] of sensitivity.
[page break]
Relative Humidity varies with Temperature.
[underlined] Dew Point [/underlined]. is the temperature at which the air would be saturated. If the temperature falls below dew point condensation takes place
[underlined] Temperature. [/underlined] is the degree of heat in a substance.
The Stevenson Screen, is a housing for measuring instruments, it is to protect [illegible] direct rays of sun & from the [illegible] of wind, also to ensure that [illegible] air is always flowing around [illegible] air.
[illegible] lapse rate is a change in [illegible] taking place in the gas [illegible] the addition or abstraction of [illegible] outside sources.
[table]
[page break]
which its influence is felt.
[underlined] The Line of force. [/underlined]
The line of force is the direction in which a red pole would move if free in a magnetic field . They never meet & never cross.
[underlined] Methods of Magnetising & Demagnetising [/underlined]
[underlined] By Vibration [/underlined] Place bar in North South line and hammer
[underlined] Heating [/underlined] Heat to red heat, place in North South line to cool.
[underlined] By Stroking [/underlined] Bar to be magnetised is stroked with another magnet as per diagram
[diagram]
[page break]
[underlined] Inversion [/underlined] an increase of temperature with height up to a certain point.
[underlined] The Effects of an Inversion. [/underlined]
[circled 1]. It prevents convection [circled 2] Very smooth flying conditions [circled 3] An Inversion will trap impurities in the air [circled 4] Poor Visibility.
[underlined] Instability. [/underlined] Unstable air is air which is warmer than the surrounding air & therefore tends to rise.
Stable air is colder than the surrounding air & therefore heavier.
[table of heights and temperatures]
[underlined] Atmospheric Pressure. [/underlined]
Wt of air per unit area.
[underlined] Standard Atmospheric Pressure. [/underlined]
1013.2 mbs at Latitude 45, Temperature 0C
[underlined] Advanatages of an Aneroid Barometer. [/underlined]
Requires no liquid, Compact, Portable, can be used as a barograph or altimeter. [underlined] Disadvantages [/underlined] It does not measure pressure on the [illegible] comparison with a mercury [illegible] mechanical defects. [circled 3]. There is [illegible] of sensitivity.
Dublin Core
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Title
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Ted Neale's Aircraft Instrument and Weather Notes
Description
An account of the resource
Notes recorded by Ted Neale, during his training, about aircraft instruments and aviation weather.
Creator
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Ted Neale
Format
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A book of 23 sheets of handwritten notes
Language
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eng
Type
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Text
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Identifier
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MNealeETH1395951-150731-052
Coverage
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Royal Air Force
Publisher
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IBCC Digital Archive
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This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Contributor
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Frank Batten
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Pending review
aircrew
navigator
training
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/1246/16387/MNealeETH1395951-150731-051.2.pdf
8fc61fbe0644b308da0da493094dda2c
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Neale, Ted
E T H Neale
Description
An account of the resource
123 items. The collection concerns Edward Thomas Henry Neale (b. 1922, 1395951 Royal Air Force) who served as a navigator with 37 Squadron in North Africa, the Middle East and Italy. The collection contains his training notebooks from South Africa as well as propaganda leaflets dropped by the allies in the Mediterranean theatre.
The collection also contains a photograph album, navigation logs and target photographs.
The collection has been loaned to the IBCC Digital Archive for digitisation by Alison Neale and catalogued by Barry Hunter.
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IBCC Digital Archive
Date
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2015-07-31
Rights
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This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Identifier
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Neale, ETH
Transcribed document
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Transcription
Text transcribed from audio recording or document
A.O.S.
Course 19. AIR. NAVIGATOR.
42. AIR. SCHOOL.
PORT ELIZABETH.
SOUTH AFRICA.
23rd August 1943
1395951.
Neale. E.J.H.
[page break]
Maps & Charts.
[underlined] MAP READING.
Before Flight. [/underlined]
Make sure that you know if it is metres or feet, know all conventional signs, including any unusual ones peculiar to the map in use. Insert any secret information, lightly in pencil, according to a private secret code. [underlined] eg [/underlined] 25 miles due East of actual position.
Aquire [sic] a true sense of map scale.
On 1 million 1 inch = approx 16 miles.
‘’ 1/2 ‘’ ‘’ = ‘’ ‘’ 8 ‘’
‘’ 1/4 ‘’ ‘’ = ‘’ ‘’ 4 ‘’
Aquire a true sense of map direction. The direction of North should never be in doubt. Draw in route with time or distance marks if possible (draw tracks in first). Study the route carefully, select suitable land-marks and put a pencil ring round those not clearly marked, put an E.T.A. against each. Study relative forms of landmarks, as they will appear in flight. Fold map so that area required is easily accessable [sic], preferably with distance scale shown
[page break]
[underlined] MAP READING.
During Flight. [/underlined]
Orienteering the map helps in recognising relative position of features, essential in identifying road & rail junctions, may usefully be dispensed with when not lost, to give ease in reading names and bearings.
Use time marks to anticipate land marks, such as towns, rivers & coast lines, particularly at night.
Provided the general position is known always read from map to ground. Mountains appear in plan below the A/C in elevation at a distance.
[page break]
[underlined] Procedure When Lost. [/underlined]
[circled 1]. Draw a circle of uncertainty round D.R. position, radius 10% air distance flown since last fix.
[circled 2]. Orient map by means of compass.
[circled 3]. Look around horizon for 2 or 3 prominent land-marks, estimate their bearing & distance, pin-point yourself by reading from map to ground.
[circled 4]. Failing this adopt a positive plan
a/. Fly in the direction of some prominent feature, e.g. river, mountain or coastline, follow this until recognised.
b/. commence organised search.
c/ circle some local feature until it is recognised or until plan is ready. to make map reading easiest & so assist recognition, fly from S to N over landmarks N.B. pay particular attention to air plot never fly aimlessly to inspect features on the horizon.
[page break]
[underlined] Map Reading by Day. [/underlined]
For good results, always observe down sun.
[underlined] In Good Visibility
Landmarks [/underlined]
a/. [underlined] Mountains and hills. [underlined] give general position only, very difficult to use for P.P. get impression of contour shapes.
b/. [underlined] Water. [/underlined] Rivers lakes canals etc N.B. bridges & Gorges. beware of floods & droughts.
c/. [underlined] Railways & Roads. [/underlined] do not P.P. without orienting map.
N.B. Distinguishing features d/. [underlined] Towns & Villages [/underlined] (alter shape).
e/. [underlined] Woods. [/underlined] alter shape. on modern target maps reliability symbols are used
f/. [underlined] Golf Courses & Race Courses [/underlined] very visible from the air
g/. [underlined] Sea Marks [/underlined] a/. Coastlines very visible
[page break]
due to breakers. b/ Sandbanks, rocks, shoals. N.B. STATE THE TIME.
c/. Light houses & Light Ships
d/. Marine Lights (shaded on top may not be visible when directly overhead.)
e/. large buoys
f/. Cliffs.
g/. Sea traffic.
In Poor Visibility use map reading in close conjunction with D.R.
By night always observe up Moon.
[underlined] Map Reading by night. [/underlined]
a/. Always observe up moon.
b/. Visibility may increase by night.
c/. Anticipate features.
d/. When you acquire night eyes dont [sic] spoil them by using the light.
e/. Coast always almost visible.
f/. difficult to distinguish details (due to cloud shadows).
[page break]
g/. Town lighting, decreases after midnight.
h/. Fires & ACK ACK
i/. Aerial Beacons & Marine Lights
[underlined] Lights at sea. [/underlined]
abbreviations in 1234 Chapter 3 para 19 Visibility of Marine Lights calculated for a height of 15 feet above sea, visibility is affected by Met conditions & humidity, changes of refraction, height of the observer & state of the tide.
[underlined] Reporting Position. [/underlined]
1/. Pin Point, accurate, non secret, may be difficult to find
2/. Bearing & distance, not easily estimated over 10 miles. a/. from landmark, non secret. b/. from lettered datum point, secret.
3/. Latitude & Longitude not secret, but accurate
4/. R.A.F. lettered co-ordinates.
[page break]
[diagram of lettered grid with point marked]
Each meridian & parallel alloted [sic] 2 letters (changeable). Give co-ordinates of intersection of Parallel & meridian S.W of position [underlined] MF – PR [/underlined] followed by minutes of [underlined] latitude & longitude. [/underlined] This is the same for both N & S hemisphere.
5/. The Naval Method. Bearing & distance from nearest intersection 255 JBZB 3 miles.
6/. Modified British Military Grid. Great Britain divided into 6 500Km squares, lettered LM, QR, BW & I
[page break]
b/. each 500 Km square divided into 25 100 Km squares & lettered, called Primary
c/. each 100 Km square divided into a hundred by 10 Km squares & numbered called Secondary
d/. the 10 Km squares can be subdivided into units by inspection or by instruments In reporting position give two letters & 4 figure coordinates of Pin Point from the S.W. corner.
[underlined] N.B. [/underlined]
always give Easting before Northing. Be certain if bearings refer to GRID NORTH or TRUE NORTH.
The TRUE origin passes through the I.O.W.
The FALSE origin passes West of the Scilly Isles.
[page break]
[underlined] Maps & Charts in use in the R.A.F. [/underlined]
Plotting sheets.
1/. 1 – 1,000,000. reference G.S. G.S. 4080. It covers all operational areas, Main ground features only shown, spot heights in metres ABAC scale for conversion angle, compass roses 1 – 2 or 3. Isogonals for every one degree, 10 minute graticule, marginal statute & nautical mile scale varying with Latitude. Ch Long in time as well as arc, 3 main parallels marked plainly for use with astrograph. Cheap & easily produced.
Scotland N.W 54N 13’W
All BRITISH ISLES & IRELAND. covered by 2 sheets.
2/ 1 – 500,000 BRITISH ISLE. The sheet is similar in all particulars to 1 – 1,000,000 & is used mainly for training.
3/. 1 – 2,000,000 G.S.G.S. 5012. new series small scale plotting charts, similar to 4080. * cannot be used with astrograph. Almost any European target can be reached on a single sheet.
[page break]
Used for Mosquitos & Pre flight Plan Sheet No NW 46/8 covers the area from Dublin to Konisberg 8W - 21W scale 2,000,000 at 56N. Spot heights in metres, hachuring for mountains, heavy coastline no radio broadcast stations, improved shapes of town, statute miles scale in body of sheet.
[underlined] Topographical MAPS. [/underlined]
1/ 1 – 1,000,000 GSGS 2758 modified Polyconic projection, once used for navigation, superseded by GSGS 4080. suitable for high altitude map=reading. More detail than plotting chart. No 10 minute graticule, heights in feet, covers Europe & Great Britain. Revised 1 – 1,000,000 new series being produced to cover main operational areas of Europe, based on old 1,000,000, with redesigned sheet lines, unimportant details removed roads & railways emphasised, purple layering incorporated.
[page break]
2/ 500,000 GSGS 4072 Modified Polyconic Great Britain & Europe, map reading at moderate height & short distance navigation 10 minute graticule 1/2 isogonals. heights in feet. distinctive colours for main features In Germany woods not marked in green as they are too numerous to serve as land marks, main outline only shown.
3/. 1/250,000 GSGS 3982. [deleted] Modified Polyconic. Europe, does not cover great Britain, but being extended to cover France & Ireland, used for map reading when approaching target & over industrial areas. 10 min graticule, Ht in metres.
4/. 1/4 in ORDNANCE SURVEY AIR EDITION CASSINI’S PROJECTION. Map reading only 10 min graticule on some sheets, British Grid on others. Magnetic variation on compass rose. Grid deviation at side of sheet.
1/4 in O.S. [underlined] Special. [/underlined]
Similar to above but layout conforms with 1/4 million series.
[page break]
Target Maps. reliability symbols being introduced.
BONNES PROJECTION. SOUTH AFRICAN.
[underlined] Admiralty charts. [/underlined]
Mercators Projection, only nautical mile scale, no accurate land details except sailing marks. Compass rose graduated true & magnetic, magnetic inside true with variation indicated.
Admiralty Plans.
Small charts on large scale, usually of harbours, suitable as target maps, no latitude or longitude scale, distances in nautical miles & cables. 10 cables In mile.
Marine Contoured Maps.
For use in minelaying flights, depth of water shown by layered colours, beaches & banks visible at mean low water, grey stippled, land details shown accurately, taken from 1/4 million air maps. To cover all coasts from Spain
[page break]
to 64N, including the Baltic. Norwegian sheets layered for a ground height. Barmouth sheet produced for training. Gnomonic Charts.
[underlined] CONVENTIONAL SIGNS. [/underlined]
[symbol] LAND AERODROME.
[symbol] LANDING FIELD.
[symbol] AIRSHIP BASE.
[symbol] WATER SEAPLANE ANCHORAGE.
[symbol] AERODROME (WATER)
[symbol] CONSPICUOUS OBJECT.
[symbol] AIRSHIP HANGAR
[symbol] AIRSHIP. MOORING MAST.
[symbol] MARINE LIGHT
[symbol] MARINE LIGHT VESSEL.
[symbol] CHURCH WITH TOWER OR SPIRE
[symbol] POWER CABLE. OR OVERHEAD RAILWAY.
[symbol] ARIEL [sic] CORRIDOR
[symbol] PROHIBITED AREA.
[page break]
[symbol] AERODROME CONTROLLED AREA.
[symbol] AIRPORT WITH CUSTOMS FACILITIES.
[symbol] (AERODROME) DANGER AREA (SAFETY HT MARKED).
[symbol] EXPLOSIVES AREA.
[symbol] BALLOON OBSTRUCTION BEACON.
[symbol]AIR OBSTRUCTION. MORE THAN 200 ft. [underlined] unltd. [/underlined]
[symbol] ‘’ ‘’ ‘’ ‘’ ‘’ LIGHTED
[symbol] NON AERONAUTICAL RADIO STATION.
[symbol] AERONAUTICAL COMMUNICATION.
[symbol] AERONAUTICAL D/F OR BEACON.
T. Communication M. Met N. Non directional D Track indicating A Landing Approach R Gonioltric.
[symbol] HALF SUBMERGED WRECK.
[symbol] WRECK. DEPTH OF WRECK AT LOW WATER
[symbol] WRECK LIKELY TO FOUL ANCHOR.
[symbol] DANGEROUS WRECK.
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Mercators Projection.
Similar to the TRUE CYLINDRICAL projection. It has a rectangular graticule, rhumb lines are straight lines, angles on the Earths circles are correct. The chart length of 1 min longitude is constant, therefore latitude scale increases towards the Poles. No Constant Scale, but at any latitude the scale is the same for all directions for short distances. For small areas orthomorphic, for large areas shape distorted. GRATICULE easily constructed, the Great circles are curves convex to nearer pole. Polar areas cannot be shown.
[underlined] Principle of Construction. [/underlined]
Cos 0 ‘’ 1
Cos 90 equals 0
Sec 0 ‘’ 1
Sec 90 ‘’
On the Earth, distances between meridians varies as cos latitude i.e. maximum at equator, zero at poles. On Mercators, meridians pull apart until parallel. To counteract this & preserve constant bearing, the parallels of
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latitude are pulled apart proportionately. The distance between parallels varies as sec latitude.
[underlined] To construct a Mercators Chart. [/underlined]
Between Latitudes 52N 53N, & longitude 0 & 1W. Scale 1,000,000 at 56N
Distance between Meridians at Equator = 60nm
‘’ ‘’ ‘’ ‘’ 56N = 60 cos 56 = 32.55n.m.
Scale 1/m means 1,000,000’ on ground = 1” on chart.
33.55n.m on ground = [calculation] on chart = 2.44”
[diagram]
[calculation]
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The Mercators Graticule may also be constructed by using meridiurnal [sic] parts from Norris [sic] or INMANS Tables.
Und
TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS. [/underlined]
Simple Conical.
[diagram]
Scale correct along meridians & standard parallels, incorrect along other parallels. Greatest error on parallels furthest from the standard. This projection is good for countries with a small change of latitudes. Direction correct on Northerly or Southerly. not orthomorphic.
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Straight lines almost Great Circles.
[underlined] Method of Recognition. [/underlined]
Parallels are arcs of concentric circles. Meridians converging straight lines.
[underlined] Polyconic. [/underlined]
[diagram]
Each parallel constructed with its own centre ie more than one cone used
[underlined] Properties [/underlined]
Scale correct along all parallels & central meridian. Not orthomorphic
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more so than simple conic. Suitable for small areas [inserted] not equal areas [/inserted] (as parallels not arcs of concentric circles) but nearly so. Near Central meridians straight lines approx G.Cs.
[underlined] Recognition [/underlined]
Parallels evenly spaced, non-concentric arcs, Meridians Curved.
[underlined] International Modified Polyconic. [/underlined]
Agreed to by international conference, basis of all 1,000,000 maps of Europe & many other parts of world. Each sheet constructed seperately, up to 60 N & S latitudes, each sheet covers 4 latitude by six degrees longitude, in higher latitudes 4 latitude by 12 longitude. 1,000,000 series recognisable by this.
Turn over for sketch.
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[diagram]
[[underlined] Construction [/underlined]
Central Meridian correctly drawn to scale. Two standard parallels correctly drawn N & S. calculate positions of Meridians, draw meridians as straight lines. Transfer correct length of central meridian to two degrees east & 2 west of centre, redraw parallels, draw in rest of graticule
[underlined] Properties [/underlined]
Scale correct at standard parallels & Standard Meridian, slightly incorrect elsewhere, each sheet almost orthomorphic
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& equal area. Straight lines are almost great [symbol]
[underlined] Recognition [/underlined]
Dimensions of the Graticule. Parallels are arcs of non concentric circles. Meridians straight lines. Advantages of I.M.P. Straight lines approx G [symbol]. Scale very nearly constant. Ground W/T bearings laid off direct.
9 Ajacent [sic] sheets almost fit, 5 sheets fit exactly.
[underlined] Disadvantages [/underlined]
Rhumb lines not straight lines, bearings [underlined] must [/underlined] be measured against the meridian midway along track.
[underlined] Note [/underlined]
To plot T.M.G. find angle as above, draw to the next meridian, lay off angle again & so on.
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BONNES PROJECTION.
Maps of Suid Africaa.
Suitable for narrow countries where change of latitude is greater than change of longitude. In broad countries obliquity of Meridians at edges causes distortion.
Method of Construction
One standard parallel meridian at centre. Draw in central meridian, divide for latitude. Draw in concentric parallels of latitude, divide for longitude, draw in meridians.
[underlined] Properties [/und]
Scale correct along parallels & central meridians only. equal area, distortion at edges, therefore not orthomorphic and sheets do not fit.
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[underlined] CASSINI PROJECTION. [/underlined]
Used with 1/4” ordnance Survey maps of GT Britain. a Mathematical Construction.
[underlined] Properties [/underlined]
Central Meridian correct, others too long. Meridians curve inward toward poles. Edges of map do not coincide with meridians. + or – 4 degrees of deviation at edges. Equal Area.
[underlined] TRANSVERSE MERCATOR or GAUSSE CONFORM [/underlined]
[underlined] Properties. [/underlined]
Central Meridians straight, others curves, curved inward toward the poles. Parallels concave to nearer pole. Equator straight line. Grt [symbol] central Meridian & all Grt [symbol] perpendicular to it are straight lines, all other Gt [symbol] curved. Rhumb lines curved except for central Meridian & equator. Scale varies all over the sheet increasing with distance from Central Meridian. Bearing, shapes and Areas. Projection is
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limited in practice to 3 either side of Central Meridian. So maximum Scale error is less than 1%, so that bearings Shapes & Areas may be accepted as correct.
[underlined] Suitability. [/underlined]
Especially suitable for griding [sic], as can be extended N & S indefinitely, & if central meridians are sufficiently close, adjacent sheets fit E & W. The Union is mapped on 2 strips, North Africa on 5 strips.
[underlined] GNOMONIC PROJECTION. [/underlined]
Gnomonic is a Tangential Projection. Grt [symbol] are straight lines, bearing scales, shapes & areas, all distorted, except at point of origin. Distorted Compass rose.
[underlined] CAPTAIN OF AIRCRAFT MAP. [/underlined] Small scale Mercators plotting objects on which captain can lay off required tracks. (it measures 15’ x 12’) and all relevant information, such as Ack-Ack & etc.
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Curve of Equal Bearing.
[diagram]
A Curve of Equal Bearing is a line from all points on which the Gt [symbol] bearings of a given position on the Earths Surface are equal. It constitutes the position line
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obtained from a loop bearing.
[underlined] In Plotting W/T Position lines [/underlined]
1/ D/F W/T Bearings
A/ On a topographical Map Plot direct from D/F Station.
B/ GNOMONIC Chart Plot direct from D/F W/T Station. Distorted compass rose or protractor maybe needed
C/ On mercators (see Chapter 3 Para 38)
[diagram]
Case 1/ With conversion angle of less than 4, find D.R. posn, calculate conversion angle, apply conversion
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angle to Gt [symbol] bearing & plot from D/F station. (Draw Sketch to ensure that conversion angle is applied correctly).
Case 2/
Conversion angle more than 4. Find D.R. posn, calculate conversion angle & plot as above, at D.R. LONGITUDE apply conversion angle again in the same sense to obtain position line.
2/ Plotting Loop Bearings
A/ On topographical map, add true course. Calculate & Apply convergency or transfer Meridian, Plot reciprocal from W/T station.
Where the angle of convergency may be greater [underlined] ie [/underlined] more than 4, Plot position line as above at D.R longitude apply angle of convergency of opposite sign
[underlined] Plotting Loop bearings on Mercators [/underlined]
When conversion angle is small [underlined] ie [/underlined] less
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than 4 5 or 6. add true course, apply conversion angle (draw sketch). Plot reciprocal from D/F station.
Case B/. When conversion angle is large, add true course, apply conversion angle, plot reciprocal from D/F station, apply conversion angle of opposite sign to get Curve of Equal bearing position line.
[diagram]
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[underlined] Scale of Map. [/underlined]
[diagram]
Cloud Shadows masking town & making woods Difference of Map reading in Summer & Winter, difference of droughts drying up of rivers, also of colours of green leaves. Map read down sun. Low sun throws a lot of shadows. Map reading is better at greater hts.
Circle of Uncertainty, 10% of Air distance from last fix from D.R posn.
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[calculations]
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[calculations]
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E. T. H. NEALE
[page break]
[underlined] Astro Theory. [/underlined]
[underlined] NAUTICAL MILE. [/underlined]
Arc or distance on Earths surface subtended by an angle of 1 minute at the centre of the Earth, thus an angle of 1 will subtend an arc or distance equal to 60 nautical miles. Hence distance can usually be expressed in terms of degrees & minutes.
[underlined] Declination. [/underlined]
Is celestial latitude & corresponds with terrestrial latitude & is measure from 0 - 90 N or S.
[underlined] Precession of the Equinox]. [/underlined]
Precession of First Point of Aries Westward at the rate of 50 secs of ARC per annum.
[underlined] Right Ascension [/underlined]
Is 360 - SHA *
[underlined] GHA ARIES. [/underlined]
Angle From GM to FP [symbol]
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The Astro graph.
The sub stellar may be located for any instance of time & circles drawn from this common centre with various radii are position circles corresponding to various observed altitudes of the body. These concentric position circles made with the S.S.P over the face of the earth from E to W as the earth moves from W – E. If a film were made upon which circles were drawn for small stars as would be visible at various times in a certain locality & these circles were thrown by a projector onto the chart of the locality then by rotating the film from E to W to keep the centres of the circles coincident with the appropriate S.S.P’s the projected curves could be used as a visual guide for plotting actual posn lines from the observed altitude of the selected star, this is what a navigator does
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when using the astrograph. The time scale on the film is aligned with the appropriate meridian on the map & when suitably adjusted for GMT of observation the centre of the projected arc is coincident with the proper sub stellar point of the star, the astrograph film gives arcs of altitude for 2 stars & in addition Q correction for Polaris observation where these are possible.
The instrument projects star curves. (circles of equal altitude on the 1,000,000 plotting sheet it is used in conjunction with the air almanac which is used to adjust star curves to the time of observation, this is done by using 1/. a setting longitude 2/. a G.M.T. with a corresponding A.M.T. for a particular setting longitude, these are given for every night of the year.
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1/.
Wind all film to right hand spool
2/. Undo 6 retaining screws & remove astrograph base, which carries spool brackets
3/. Pull out right hand adjusting knob & remove full spool.
4/. Pass the end of the film beneath the right hand roller & friction pad & insert in gap between glass plates.
5/. Push the film towards the empty spool, depressing the left hand friction pad beneath the roller to assist passage of film.
6/. Insert the end in the empty spool, & insert new spool in right hand bracket.
7/. Take up the slack with the left hand spool
8/. Refit base to astrograph body.
NOTE. This is not an easy operation during flight & should not be attempted unless absolutely necessary. It is better to carry a
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reserve astrograph
To Fit the Astrograph.
1/. Join up height bar by screwing up two pieces, make certain you have the correct gauge, MKIA & MKIB
2/. Using height bar directly under each levelling screw of the mounting ring in turn, adjust so that gauge will just pass between the tip of the screw with the bottom of the gauge on the Chart table
3/. Tighten up lock nuts with the spanner provided & recheck with height gauge.
4/. See that dummy plug is in voltage socket not in use. (most modern A/C 24 volts Anson 12 volts).
5/. Attach the Astrograph to the mounting ring so that the levelling screws register in the hole, slot & plane
6/. Plug in to A/C supply, switch on to check.
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[underlined] Action before Flight. [/underlined]
Look in astrograph tables, (in Air Almanac or A.A.) under date of intended flight, take out a suitable setting longitude, (somewhere near area in which flight is taking place). & the corresponding GMT & AMT. mark in heavily with a thick pencil, the meridian of the setting longitude on the chart for its full length. In a clear space on the left hand side of setting longitude mark GMT of the hours during which you expect to use the astrograph on the right hand side of line, mark in corresponding hours A.M.T.
[diagram]
[page break]
Fix chart under astrograph & adjust to bring time scale on to central latitude line of chart, these must coincide exactly, Convert G.M.T. of first observation to A.M.T. (to nearest hour) & set this to the setting longitude, note the stars for which the curves are given at this time, & approx azimuths & altitudes. Make sure that they can be recognised when required.
[underlined] Action during flight. [/underlined]
1/ Take first altitude & note GMT
2/ Convert GMT of sight to AMT
3/. Set this A.M.T. against setting longitude.
4/. Draw in position line obtained from stars altitude.
5/ Take second sight & note GMT
6/. Convert this G.M.T. to AMT. & set new A.M.T.
7/. Draw in second position line obtained from second stars altitude. Third position line may be made by taking
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altitude of polaris & noting G.M.T convert this to AMT & set it. Take Q corn from above time scale in vicinity of fix or DR Posn apply according to sign to observed altitude of Polaris & obtain latitude
Points to be noted when using an astrograph
[circled 1]
When switching on astrograph, note which two stars are in use. If about to change, then wait until change takes place
[circled 2]. Do not wind film past stop mark.
[circled 3]. Do not forget when drawing in position line to notice direction of increasing altitudes
[circled 4] Care should be taken when bulb is changed, new bulb must be cleaned,
[circled 5]. See that you have correct latitude band for chart in use, if not parallels of latitude will not coincide.
[circled 6]. If longitude does not come on chart half hourly setting longitude can be
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found by adding 7 31’ to tabulated longitude adjusting the G.M.T appropriately adding 30 mins in W & subtracting 30 mins in E
[circled 7]. In astrograph tables left hand page is for west setting longitudes & right hand page for east setting longitudes, dates are given at the head of the column each of which is headed by hours of A.M.T. It must be noted that the corresponding Greenwich date to the GMT is indicated in heavier type it is the first in East long & second in West.
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“Z” CORRECTION
This is divided into 2 parts coriolis & gyro wander. These are calculated by use of the tables at the back of the air almanac.
[underlined] Coriolis “A” [/underlined]
This is the tendency of a mass to move to the right of its intended path when travelling N or S along a meridian in the Northern hemisphere. In the southern hemisphere it is a tendency to go to the left when travelling N or S.
[diagram]
[page break]
[diagram]
[underlined] Coriolis ‘A’ [/underlined]
This is due to the different speeds of rotation round a spinning axis of a point on various parallels of latitude. A mass when travelling along a meridian from one parallel to another, tends to retain its old speed of rotation & therefore to leave its path along the meridian. The greater its speed in travelling N or S the greater its tendency.
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[underlined] Coriolis “b” [/underlined]
So the tendency of a mass to move to the right of its path when travelling along a parallel of latitude in the N. Hemisphere or to the left in the Southern. (See diagram over page).
In the case of an A/C travelling in an E to W direction its speed of rotation will increase, therefore centrifrugal [sic] force will be increased. an A/C will tend to go off into space, at right angles to the axis of spin. This force C.F. could be resolved into 2 forces, V a tendency of the A/C to climb & CBE a tendency to go to the right of its path. When travelling from [deleted] W to E [/deleted] E to W the speed of rotation will be decreased and as the counter balancing effect of gravity & centrifrugal force will be upset, leaving a negative C.F. acting towards the [deleted] radius [/deleted] AXIS of spin.
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This can be resolved into G a tendency of the A/C to dive & C.B.E. a tendency to go to the right of its path. (the greater the A/C speed, the greater the tendency.) When not travelling along a meridian or parallel of latitude, it may be seen that a combination of coriolis “A” & “B” will affect the A/C. it can be shown that this combination will always be a constant
Now these tendencies of climbing or diving, turning to the right or left will unconsciously be corrected by the Pilot, but the effect will get through to the liquid in the bubble chamber of the sextant, causing the liquid to move to the right side of the A/C (In the N. Hemisphere) & the bubble to the left, thus the observer has to tilt the top of the sextant to the left side of the A/C to keep the bubble in the centre of the chamber, this tilt will be in the nature of 4’ in English latitudes and about 3 min to the right in these latitudes
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but it will always be there. It can be seen that this tilt will not affect fore & aft shots & will be maximum on the beam. In other words it depends on the relative bearing of the star.
[underlined] Gyro Wander [/underlined]
All directional gyros tend to wander from their constant direction in space, due to precession and other causes, having to be reset every 15 minutes or so, but this wander is going on for the whole time & the pilot while following this direction gyro is unconsciously turning to Port or Starboard by a slight amount per minute, in other words, the same effect as Coriolis. If the D.G. is wandering to Port, the pilot will turn to port, the liquid in the bubble chamber will go to Starboard & the bubble to port, In other words the same effect as Coriolis in the N Hemisphere, If the Gyro wander is to Starboard it would tend to counter act coriolis effect, the opposite will hold good in the Southern hemisphere (note sighns of coriolis & Gyro Wander tables in back of AA)
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If D.R Compass is in use Gyro wander will be nil & Coriolis effect only will have to be considered.
[underlined] EXAMPLE. [/underlined]
TAS 174 K Gyro WANDER 04 p/min
Co 180 T Az of Star 078 Lat 50N.
Table 1/.
Coriolis Effect. +3’
Gyro Wander. +4’
Combined Effect (Table 1) +7’
Relative bearing of start (Az) 078 - 180 [symbol] (heading of A/C) = Relative bearing 258
Z correction = 258 for +7” (Table 2) = -6 1/2’
Method of Checking Gyro Wander
S/C Synchronising Direction Gyro, Fly on D.G for 20 minutes & recheck Co on compass. The number of 0s
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that the heading of the A/C has changed divided by the time (in mins) will give the amount of wander per minute.
[underlined] EXAMPLE [/underlined]
0900 S/C 090M
0920 Course 096M
Gyro Wander = 6/200 /min
0.3 per min to Starboard.
[underlined] Sextant Correction [/underlined] AP 1234 Page 155
[underlined] Dome Refraction. [/underlined]
When taking a sight thru [sic] a standard Perspex dome as fitted to an A/C the rays of light from the star are bent or refracted by the Perspex thus giving inaccurate readings, all domes should be calibrated for this & a correction card placed in the A/C by the dome.
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A correction table is given in the Air Almanac, but this is only to be used if none other is available. to calibrate the dome place the A/C in a flying posn & take sights at various altitudes which after applying sextant correction will give the error, reverse the sign to get the correction.
[underlined] APPLYING ERRORS TO Ho IN ORDER. [/underlined]
1/. APPLY SEXTANT CORRN
2/. Z Corrn
3/. Dome Refraction
4/. Pin A or Q corn.
[underlined] Rising & Setting of the Sun. [/underlined]
A knowledge of this is sometimes necessary when sometimes planning a flight. The times are tabulated in the Air Almanac in L.M.T for the respective visible phenomena as observed from places on the Greenwich Meridian.
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If there were no refraction, sunrise & sunset would occur when the centre of the sun was horizontal to an observer at sea level, due to refraction the centre of the sun appears to be well above the horizon at these times & the visible phenomena occurs when the sun’s centre is about one degree below the horizontal
[underlined] Twilight. [/underlined]
The beginning of morning & the end of evening twilight are tabulated to give some indication of the amount of light that is available before sunrise & after sunset, AP 1234 page 85 paragraph 42. As the time of sunrise, sunset & twilight at any place changes only a minute or so from day to day the tabulated L.M.T of these occurrences at places on the Greenwich Meridian, may be
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taken as approximate L.M.T. for all places on the Earth at Similar Latitudes, Interpolation may be necessary as between tabulated latitudes.
[underlined] N.B. [/underlined] In all places in the world on any given parallel on a certain day the sun will rise or set at the same L.M.T.
[underlined] Example Sunrise [/underlined]
What is L.M.T, the G.D & G.M.T, the ZD & ZT of sunrise at a place 47N & 32E on 1st June 1943.
45N 0417’
50N 0356’
In Ch Lat 5N the change in time is -21 mins
‘’ ‘’ ‘’ 2N ‘’ ‘’ ‘’ ‘’ ‘’ 21x2/5 ‘’ = -8 mins
At 47N on Greenwich Meridian the sun will rise at 0417-8 = 1409 [sic]
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At 47N 32E the sun will rise at 0409 L.M.T.
LONG in TIME -2.08
GMT 0201 1-6-43
Zone = -2
ZT = 0401 ZD 1-6-43
SUMMARY OF SIGHTS TO 31-10-43
[table]
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[underlined] PZX TRIANGLE. [/underlined]
It is used to work out the AZIMUTH and altitude of a heavenly body from an assumed posn in the vicinity of which (60 miles)the observer is known to be. Done by use of A.A. & ANT tables.
[underlined] Intercept. [/underlined]
The AZIMUTH & ALTITUDE (which give ZENITH DISTANCE] of a star is calculated for the time the true altitude was observed, this gives the bearing & distance of the sub stellar point from the assumed position, this position being in the vicinity of the observers actual position.
[diagram]
[page break]
the calculated altitude is compared with the true observed altitude & any distance between them is due to the difference in Radii of the two position circles. [underlined] ie [/underlined] position circle through the assumed position & assumed position through the observer. If the observed altitude is greater than the calculated altitude, this means that the true zenith distance must be less than the calculated zenith distance. The radius of the observers position circle must be less than the radius of the assumed position circle & so the observers position line must be towards the star by a distance equal to the difference between calculated & observed zenith distance, In other words between calculated and observed altitude. When the observed altitude is less the opposite will apply and
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the observers position will be farther away.
[diagrams]
[page break]
[diagram]
[underlined] Perihelion [/underlined] occurs when the Earth in a point in its orbit when it is nearest the sun (approx 4th JAN). [underlined] APHELION [/underlined] occurs when the Earth is on a point in its orbit it is farthest from the sun (approx 4th July).
[underlined] Moonrise & Moonset. [/underlined]
The moon moves round the Earth from West to East & from new moon to new moon the period is approximately 29 days, the average lunar day is 24 hrs 50 mins, therefore the moon rises & sets on an average of 50 mins later each day, and on some days will not rise, or will not set on others. The times tabulated in the air almanac is for the visible phenomena & is in
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L.M.T. for places on the Greenwich Meridian. The rapid movement of the moon around the Earth as compared with the earths rotation round the sun, causes difficulties when calculating times of moonrise or moonset for places not on the [underlined] Greenwich Meridian [/underlined]. Owing to the revolution of the Moon in the same direction as the revolution of the Earth, the earth has to spin through more than 360 between two successive moonrises or moonsets. There is always therefore a time lag in the phenomena connected with the moon.
Sketch is seen as from above N. Pole, O is the centre of the Earth. G1/ is the position of the Greenwich Meridian at 60N lat at the time of the moonset of the 22-2-43, 24 hours later greenwich Meridian will be at G1/ again but the moon will be at M2/ & moonset will not occur, moon will set on the 23-2-43 when the
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meridian has moved to G3 & the moon will be at M3. thus moonset will occur at 2100 hrs on the 23-3-43. The difference between the L.M.T of moonrise or moonset on one day & the L.M.T of the same occurrence on the next or preceding day varies and at some times is more than an hour.
[diagram]
In the above figure moonrise is at 23,30 on the 26-4 on the Greenwich Meridian. On the 27-4 at 2330 hours the moon will be at M2 & therefore moonrise will not have occurred on the Greenwich Meridian. Moonrise will not occur on the Greenwich
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Meridian until it is at G3/. and the moon at M.3, which will be at 0035 hrs on the 28-4, Therefore there is no moonrise on the Greenwich Meridian on the 27-4. The local date & L.M.T of moonrise & moonset at places east or West of Greenwich differ from the dates & times tabulated in the A.A. by a proportion of the daily lag concerned, the AA provided a table of distances, (approx half the daily lag) the correction is applied direct to the L.M.T. of the phenomena on the meridian at Greenwich to obtain the L.M.T on the observers meridian, therefore at places east of Greenwich the phenomena will occur at an earlier L.M.T than at Greenwich and the correction is to be subtracted, at places West of Greenwich it will be at a later L.M.T. than at Greenwich and the correction added, the rule is add if the longitude is West, subtract if East.
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[underlined] Example. [/underlined]
[calculation]
[page break]
[calculation]
[deleted] [calculation] [/deleted]
[page break]
When planning a long flight it may be useful to know when & where to expect the sun or moon to rise or set, if it were simply a case of arriving at some destination, say before sunset, the time to leave could best be calculated by working back from destination to starting point.
[underlined] Example [/underlined]
Suppose a flight of 5 hrs duration must be completed by sunset which occurs at 1800 hrs LMT on long 33E & the start point is in Long 50E. What is the latest time of depart in LMT.
[calculation]
[page break]
[calculation]
[diagram]
[page break]
[underlined] Polaris [/underlined]
If there were a star at the [inserted] celestial [/inserted] Pole suitable for observation, the altitude of the star would be the observers latitude. Polaris is not at the pole, but very near it, a small correction called Q can be worked out which when added algebraically to the correct observed altitude of Polaris, converts it into a quantity equal to the observers latitude.
Declination of Polaris is approx 89 so it is always within 1 of the celestial pole, one degree on the earth equals 60 nm therefore sub stellar point of Polaris describes a circle round the pole of approx 60nm radius
[page break]
[diagram]
P is Pole, Px stars meridian. The distances XZ & PZ are very large compared with PQ with centre & radius XZ cut PZ at T, then triangle XZT is an isosceles & PT is true Q corrn/.
Note
As we normally work with altitudes and latitudes in this case Q corrn would be minus, were the star at X1 Q corrn would be positive
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[diagram]
P equals N Pole, [symbol] = Polaris. Z = observer, draw XR perpendicular to PZ, point T is found by radius [symbol]Z & centre Z, cutting ZP at T, in practice RT is very small & can be ignored
[page break]
therefore P.R equals Q corrn/, but PR equals P[symbol] cos [symbol]PR (cos LHA[symbol]) P[symbol] is constant (Polar distance Polaris)
LHA[symbol] = LHA[symbol] + SHA[symbol]
SHA[symbol] is constant, therefore we can tabulate Q corrn against L.H.A.[symbol]
[underlined] Note. [/underlined]
Strictly speaking Q corrn depends upon Latitude, but tables assume a latitude of 45N, the tables may be used without appreciable error from 15 - 70N. It is important to remember that Polaris observation is the only observation (astro) worked out with D.R. Longitude
[page break]
If assumed posn is 100 miles out from ASSUMED [underlined] psn. [/underlined]
[diagram]
May be due to one of two things in Fig I. the azimuths from the assumed and actual positions are
[page break]
not parallel, therefore when drawing in position line from azimuth from the assumed position, this position line will be inclined at a small angle to the true position line.
In fig II. error is due to the fact that the azimuth is the arc of a Great Circle and not a rhumb line as plotted on a mercators chart/
[underlined] Note [/underlined]
When using assumed positions large distances from the actual position another error may occur, due to the arc of the position circle being a straight line. If this occurs sights should be reworked near actual position
[underlined] Reasons Why altitudes of less than 15 or more than 80 are rarely use in astro nav.
Less than 15 [/underlined]
When a body is low in the sky
[page break]
there is a large amount of refraction in the sky which will be difficult to calculate for different heights at which the A/C is flying.
[underlined] altitudes greater than 80 [/underlined]
In the case of an altitude of 80 the radius of the position circle is only 600 miles therefore a straight line can only be used as a position line over very short distance, in other words the azimuth is changing rapidly.
[underlined] Maximum Declination of Sun, Moon & Stars. [/underlined]
Maximum Dec of moon is 28 1/2 Moons orbit is inclined at 5 1/2 to the sun, maximum declination therefore is 28 1/2 minimum 18
Maximum declination of star is 90 but it depends on its position on the celestial concave.
Maximum declination of sun is 23 1/2.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Ted Neale's Air Navigator notebook
Description
An account of the resource
Ted Neale's course notes for Course 19 Air Navigator including details of corrections and adjustments to be applied to readings and calculations of positions.
Creator
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Ted Neale
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1943-08-23
Format
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One notebook with handwritten notes
Language
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eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Text. Training material
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
MNealeETH1395951-150731-051
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Royal Air Force
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
South Africa
South Africa--Port Elizabeth
Publisher
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IBCC Digital Archive
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Frank Batten
aircrew
navigator
training
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/1246/16383/MNealeETH1395951-150731-044.2.pdf
d90a2c2cdb90c11590b330128794d9e5
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Neale, Ted
E T H Neale
Description
An account of the resource
123 items. The collection concerns Edward Thomas Henry Neale (b. 1922, 1395951 Royal Air Force) who served as a navigator with 37 Squadron in North Africa, the Middle East and Italy. The collection contains his training notebooks from South Africa as well as propaganda leaflets dropped by the allies in the Mediterranean theatre.
The collection also contains a photograph album, navigation logs and target photographs.
The collection has been loaned to the IBCC Digital Archive for digitisation by Alison Neale and catalogued by Barry Hunter.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015-07-31
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Neale, ETH
Transcribed document
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading.
Transcription
Text transcribed from audio recording or document
Navigation Notes
1395951
Neale. E
[page break]
[calculation]
[underlined] Theory of Flight
Wings
The angle of attack. [/underlined]
[diagrams]
Angle of attack is the angle between the chord line & the relative wind. It is usually between 2 to 4 in straight and level flight.
[diagram]
[underlined] Air Flow over the wings. [/underlined]
[page break]
Projection is any orderly construction to represent Meridians & Parallels on a plane surface, it is impossible to represent the surface of the earth on a plane surface without distortion, a perfect projection would show (1). The scale the same all over (2). all areas on the earth would be represented by corresponding areas on the map. (3). all shapes would be correct (4). Bearings, that is, angles on the map would be the same as corresponding varies on the earth. To achieve all this in one projection is impossible so that maps are constructed to (a) preserve one of the above by sacrificing all the others. For example Mercator (b) to compromise by making a minimum amount of error, this is possible by taking an average amount of error over a small area. Special Features of Mercators Projection
Angles on the map are accurate representation of the angles of the world.
The Rhumb line that is the [underlined] path of the aircraft [/underlined] is represented by a straight line
3/. Meridians are represented as parallel straight lines
4/. Parallels of latitude appear as parallel straight lines at right angles to the Meridians
5/. The scale of the map increases as the latitude increases.
6/. The chart length of a minute of longitude is constant all over the map.
[page break]
[underlined] Courses & Tracks
Course. [/underlined] (T).
Is the angle measured clockwise from the true meridian to the fore & aft line of the aircraft. [diagram] it is always written in 3 figure notations 000(T) to 360(T)
[underlined] Track. [/underlined] is the angle measured from the meridian to the path of the aircraft relative to the ground it is measured in 3 figure notations 000(T) to 360(T) [diagram]
[underlined] Angle of Drift. [/underlined] the angle of drift is the angle measured from the longitudinal axis of the aircraft to its path on the ground, the angle between course & track
It is measured port or starboard from the aircraft nose [diagram]
example (1) an aircraft is on a course 153(T) the track is 141(T) what is the drift answer 12 port.
example (two) the course of an aircraft is 257(T) the drift is 9 degrees starboard what is the track
266(T) Course – port drift = track
‘’ ‘’ + star ‘’ = track
[calculation]
[page break]
[underlined] Wind effect [/underlined]
In conditions of no wind the path of an aircraft over the ground is coincident with the course & the ground speed of the plane is the same as the T.A.S.
[calculations]
[page break]
[calculations]
TO BE RECOPIED
(1) [underlined] Isogonals. [/underlined] which are lines joining places of equal magnetic variation (used on Mercator plotting sheet at 1 intervals, and on the half million Topographical Map at 30 minute intervals
2) Compass Rose, used on the 1/4" to 1 mile topographical map.
3/. Marginal Diagram. 1/2 million topographical 1/4” to 1 mile
Agonic Line, a line of zero magnetic variation.
You are over Scarborough & wish to make good a course of 144(T) what magnetic course will you steer.
[diagram]
[page break]
from Eastbourne to Ronaldsway
TO BE COPIED
Applying variation to (A) courses & (B) Bearings.
(A)[underlined] Courses. [/underlined] apply mean variation along the track do this by find the mid point on the track & use the nearest isogonal.
(B)[underlined] Bearings. [/underlined] min this case apply local variation, ie the variation from the place you are situated.
Deviation (The Compass Course).
The compass in an aircraft is surrounded by magnetic disturbances which tend to deflect the needle from the magnetic Meridian
The angle between the Magnetic Meridian & the Direction taken up by a magnetic needle lying in a field not coincident with the Earths Magnetic field. The disturbances may be resolved into N & S poles inside the aircraft as the heading of the aircraft changes the position of these poles also changes a relation to the Magnetic Meridian, consequently Deviation
[page break]
will be different for different headings of the aircraft
[diagram]
Deviation therefore is always relative to the aircrafts magnetic course. Certain of the disturbances are removed by, Those which remain are tabulated for each heading of the craft & from the results obtained R.A.F. 316 & 316A are constructed (Deviation Cards)
Note that there must be a separate 316 for each individual aircraft, and a separate 316A for each position in the aircraft in which the “O” (observer type) type compass may be mounted
In the vicinity of Holyhead
You are flying vicinity of Celcy [sic] Bill
Course 315(M) observe Nap [sic] tower on a bearing of 259(C)
what is the Deviation on the compass and to what heading does it apply
[diagram]
[page break]
[diagram]
GT. ORMES HEAD
TAKE BEARING OF BAR LIGHT
BEARING COMPASS [underlined] 070 [/underlined]
[diagram]
[calculation]
Near Swanse [sic]
over Mumbles see Scarweather
Bearing 181(C)
[calculation]
[diagram]
HUMBER SPERN [sic] LIGHT TRANSIT HUMBER
[calculation]
[diagram]
[page break]
[calculation]
[diagram]
Vicinity of Portland
[calculation]
[diagram]
Anvil Point transit St Catherines on a bearing of 107
what is the deviation and to what does it apply
[calculation]
[diagram]
[page break]
[calculation]
[diagram]
[diagram]
[page break]
[calculation]
[diagram]
[calculation]
[diagram]
[page break]
[calculation]
[diagram]
The Bearing of an Object was 040(C)
when course of Aircraft by O type was 170 the true B 060(T) variation 10 east deviation of Pilot by which course was 185(C)
From Cambridge to Hartland Pt
Start 09:00 hrs Rhumb line Track 248(T)
Distance = 189 nm
51 37 1/2 N
02 07 E
W.V 150 / 20 K TAS 180 K
[page break]
The Lat & Long VIESBARN is 53 08” N 06 09’ E
The Lat & Long of OLDENBURG 51 11” N 06 09 E
1 57
Leave A 090(T) travel 50 nm, travel on bear 180 (T) 50 nm 270 (T) 50 nm 000(T) 50 nm
A navigate Track Lat 50 N Lat 54
ETA would be early
[diagram]
[calculation]
[page break]
[underlined] PROPERTIES OF MAP PROJECTION. [/underlined]
[table]
[calculation]
[diagram]
[page break]
Aircraft Recognition
[table – Allied aircraft]
[table – German aircraft]
[page break]
[underlined] Range Orders [/underlined]
1). Pointing of rifles or pistols. Rifles & Pistols are on no account to be pointed or aimed in any direction except when on firing point and in firing position and then only towards the butts
[underlined] Waiting Details [/underlined] must stand clear of firing point and are under the direct supervision of the flight N.C.O
[underlined] Inspection of Arms [/underlined]
the Officer or N.C.O in charge of firing will inspect all arms prior to detailing firers to their firing points
[underlined] Issue of Ammunition. [/underlined]
The N.C.O or airman will issue ammunition to firers only when details are ready to take up their position on the firing point and after the red flag has been withdrawn
[underlined] Conduct of Practices [/underlined]
Peoples detailed will fall in opposite their alloted target when the nature of the practice will be explained,
b). On the order five rounds load, pupils will assume the prone position & load 5 rounds & place the safety catch in safe position
c). on the order “Fire” pupils will put the safety catch off & unless
[page break]
otherwise ordered will continue firing in their own time until either all the rounds have been fired or the order “cease Fire’ is given
d). Until the order “Stand Clear” is given pupils will remain in the prone position. When the order has been given pupils will leave the butts of their rifles to the rear and rest the rifle with the breech clear of the ground and stand to attention.
e). On receiving the order inspect targets pupils will be marched to the butts this procedure being carried out for each practice.
6). [underlined] Jamming of Weapons. [/underlined] Should a jam occur that the firer cannot remedy by recognised immediate action he will leave the [deleted] rifle [/deleted] weapon with the muzzle pointing towards the butts, & raise his arm when the stoppage will be cleared by a qualified armament personnel. On no account should a weapon which may contain a live round be brought behind the firing point.
7). Smoking on the range is strictly prohibited
[page break]
8). [underlined] Carrying of live rounds [/underlined]
In no circumstances may live rounds or mis-fires be carried on the person.
[underlined] Law
The Young N.C.O. [/underlined]
Efficiency
1/ (A) Demeanour & Self Discipline.
(1) On & Off Duty.
(b) [underlined] Discipline. [/underlined]
(2) [underlined] Power to Command. [/underlined]
Character Commands Respect
3/. Popularity
a good N.C.O is one whom men will respect & of whom men are sure of impartial treatment he must get to know and appreciate the capabilities and the characteristics of his men (& feelings). A good man he will help and push forward and help the backward he will cultivate a spirit of loyalty to his officers.
[underlined] Behaviour off Parade. [/underlined]
Any behaviour unbefitting a junior N.C.O. should be dealt with immediately by any senior N.C.O. An N.C.O. should be conversant with K.R. A.C.I.
[page break]
[underlined] The Young Officer.
Discipline [/underlined] He will also conform to the establishment customs & practices of the services
2/. An officer will at all times be responsible for the maintenance of good order & discipline he will refrain at all times from making remarks or passing criticisms of his superior officers
[underlined] Redress of Grievances [/underlined]
It must be done properly if your immediate superior cannot satisfy you, inform that you will go above him & if he will not agree it can be put forward in writing but you must inform the officer himself & give him a copy, you must not bye-pass any link.
Communication & interviewing of Air Ministry officials an officer is forbidden to write private letters to the Air Ministry on official or personal matters such as promotions, postings, transfers etc. All such matters should be dealt with by own C.O.
[page break]
The mean variation equals 11N
[calculation]
a 09.37 hrs he found himself over Bristol = 111 nm
T.M.G. = 246(T)
DRIFT EXPERIENCED AT BRISTOL
[calculation]
[diagram]
[calculation]
[page break]
[calculation]
[diagram]
[calculation]
Because on Mercators chart the scale is not fixed, it increases as the scale gets nearer the Pole. Because the Longitude scale on a Top map is not correct
[page break]
[calculation]
[page break]
[calculation]
[page break]
[calculation]
[page break]
[calculation]
In order to check deviation on both Bearing & compass the Navigator made the following observation. Bearing of 2 objects in line 040 Bear Compass [underlined] True 027 [/underlined] Var 10W the course by Bearing Comp was 321 & by P 315 find deviation on both compasses.
[calculation]
Find the length of line on a time scale which will represent the dist run in 7 1/2 mins at 100 mph.
D/. AT & 150K Scale for 1/4 million.
[page break]
[calculation]
[page break]
[calculation]
0600 Hrs BRISTOL S/C CALAIS T.A.S. 180K W/V 000/25K
Find C(T) Distance G/S E.T.A.
What drift would you expect 8 to port
0710 CALAIS S/C ST BRIEVE (48 31’N 02 46W)
What is CO (T)
G.S
0750 you find yourself over ILES ST MARCOUF LT
What is T.M.G Drift & G.S.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Ted Neale's Navigation Notes
Description
An account of the resource
A note book kept by Ted Neale covering chart projection, navigation calculations and also notes about firing range procedures and behaviour expectations for non-commissioned officers and officers.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ted Neale
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
One RAF notebook with handwritten notes.
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Text. Training material
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
MNealeETH1395951-150731-044
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Royal Air Force
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Frank Batten
aircrew
navigator
training
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/1246/16382/MNealeETH1395951-150731-043.1.pdf
a61443fe45d1a320d31fa72296be3556
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Neale, Ted
E T H Neale
Description
An account of the resource
123 items. The collection concerns Edward Thomas Henry Neale (b. 1922, 1395951 Royal Air Force) who served as a navigator with 37 Squadron in North Africa, the Middle East and Italy. The collection contains his training notebooks from South Africa as well as propaganda leaflets dropped by the allies in the Mediterranean theatre.
The collection also contains a photograph album, navigation logs and target photographs.
The collection has been loaned to the IBCC Digital Archive for digitisation by Alison Neale and catalogued by Barry Hunter.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015-07-31
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Neale, ETH
Transcribed document
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading.
Transcription
Text transcribed from audio recording or document
[crest] EXERCISE BOOK
77 O.T.U. Course 6
NEALE E.T.H.
NAVIGATION
13 - 3 - 44.
[table of formulae]
[page break]
MISS. N. PAXTON.
[page break]
Training Scheme
2hr dry Swim
Map reading. Maps & charts. Types in use
Wind finding
Wireless aids.
Sextant calibration calculation of errors, Watch rating.
Use of air plot.
Map reading 2. hints on map reading (practical)
Astrograph. (1)
Sight calculation
Compass & Loop swinging.
Astro correction Sunrise etc.
Star recognition. day & night.
Pre flight planning
Practical navigation.
Technique.
Astro compass & Air swinging.
Log analysis
Astro theory
D.R. Compass
Bags of D.R.I.
Crew co operation.
Geography.
Position lines.
Time examples.
Log Keeping.
[page break]
[underlined] Day [/underlined] Flying Procedure
fly screen do bombing practice.
2 trips so without screens. full crew, + bombing 3 hrs
Dual cross country with screens.
Series of cross countries. 4 hrs & 5 hrs.
Test 1 hr
Cross country 5 hrs.
Fighter attacking 2 hrs.
Crew flying circuits.
[underlined] Night. [/underlined]
Cross country with screens.
2 4 hrs 15 hrs 26 hrs as crew
1 dual bombing at night 1 1/2 hrs
2 solos 3 hrs
1 trip with night fighters & searchlights.
[page break]
[underlined] Map Reading. [/underlined]
6 of Long are chosen the lat being 4 The scale is correct at 2 on either side of the central meridian
Position Errors for Wellington 3.
120 mph + 10
130 “ + 9
140 ” + 8
150 “ + 7
160 ” + 6
170 “ + 5
180 “ + 4
190 “ + 3
200 “ + 2
[calculation]
[page break]
[calculation]
[underlined] W/T ORGANISATION. [/underlined]
[diagram]
M/F STATIONS
LYDDA
HABBANIA
ELMAZA
M/F Range 200 – 300 miles
[page break]
[underlined] Radio Range. [/underlined] (U.S.A.).
not made clear.
Range of M/F 200 – 300 miles.
W/T Beacons.
Visual indicators, if needles turn to right then turn to port is executed. this is bearing not recip.
[underlined] Ditching. [/underlined]
W op transmitts [sic] between 1 hr to 10 past 30 mins to 40 mins.
[underlined] Priorities [/underlined]
SOS or Mayday, (distress)
O I have operational message of vital importance
OP Immediate & is to be used for (A) operation messages of less importance (B)
messages of extreme importance not amounting to immediate danger of crashing.
ie.
Lost with good deal of petrol, used to prefix QPM some mechanical mishap requiring return to base. Injury of one of the crew or severe illness.
P/
Important
[page break]
[underlined] H/F D/F. [/underlined] 0 – 100 miles.
Q.D.M. Q.D.L. [symbol] series of QDM’s.
MIDDLE EAST Distress frequency
Inter command H/F D/F
4575 Ks day
3105 “ night
[underlined] In distress. [/underlined] hand W op PSN Co HT Speed minutes of flying time left.
[underlined] H/F GUARD. [/underlined]
Broadcast every 1/2 hr w op must pick them up, diversion signals, met requests also time signals. All messages to base thru H/F guard
[page break]
[underlined] Local R/T procedure. [/underlined]
QASTINA ground control, Call word “Digest”
QASTINA satellite “Digest 2”
Bombing range “Digest Range”
“A” Flight “Drastic Red”
“B” ’’ “Drastic White”
“C” ‘’ “Drastic Blue”
“D” ‘’ “Drastic Green”
TT” ‘’ “Drastic grey”
[underlined] Ground Testing [/underlined]
A/c calls ground station
“Drastic Red D. Dog calling digest ground testing over”.
Answer:- “Drastic Red D. Dog loud and clear over.”
“Drastic Red D. Dog answering loud & clear also out.”
[underlined] Taxying Up. [/underlined]
“Drastic Red D. Dog caling Digest taxiing out over”
“Drastic Red D. Dog Roger out.”
[underlined] After each landing on Circuit & bumps. [/underlined]
‘Drastic Red D Dog calling digest landed & clear of runway over”
“Drastic Red D. Dog Roger out.”
[page break]
[underlined] After completing a detail. [/underlined]
“Drastic Red D Dog calling digest landed & clear of runway, detail completed (or not completed) over”
‘Drastic Red D Dog Roger out”
[underlined] Asking for Q.F.E. prior to landing. [/underlined]
M. “Drastic Red D Dog caliing Digest QFE over”
Answer. “Drastic Red D Dog Q.F.E. 1016 over.”
M. “Drastic Red D Dog QFE 1016 out.”
[underlined] R/T Procedure at Bombing Range. [/underlined]
M. “Drastic Red D Dog calling digest Range may I commence bombing over”
Answer “Drastic Red D Dog carry on for bombing over”
M. Drastic Red D Dog Wilco out.
after each bomb
Drastic Red D Dog calling Digest Range No 1 bomb gone over
Drastic Red D Dog Roger out.
[page break]
[underlined] R/T Call signs around QASTINA. [/underlined]
AQUIA. “DEVOUT”
LYDDA “BAGSHOT”
CAIRO WEST “STOCKYARD”
BEIRUT “ECHELON”
MALBBANIA. “CYCLOPS”
LGH3 “RAMPAGE”
ZERKA “LARRY”
[diagram]
[page break]
First Leg.
LOOP BASE for T.M.G. to 33
LOOP BEIRUT. Checks on G/S 33 to 34 20’
Cyprus. leg.
Loop at Paphos check on G/S. to 33 40’
Loop on BALTIM to check turning point.
3rd Leg.
Loop Baltim for homing.
4th Leg.
QDM. From GIANICLIS for check on G/S.
Loop on Cairo to check turning point.
5th Leg.
Loop from SHALLUFA for check on G/S. then later Loop Base & SHALLUFA for fix. Loop on Base for turning point, then homing on to BASE.
BASE CAIRO.
[underlined] Co 050 T [/underlined] TAS 150 KPH.
1220 loop BALTIM 270 + 050 = 320 – 180 = 140. 270 + 052 = 327
1230 Loop BASE 007 + 050 = 057 + 180 = 237
011 + 050 = 063 243
291/54 3035’N 3240’E
1220 052 QC + 5
30 41 N 32 18 1/2 E
311/15 (13).
T.Port needles right True bearings.
[page break]
[underlined] Astrograph. [/underlined]
Ensure that corrct band for time & latitude involved is used.
Select setting long & instal [sic] astrograph. Line up chart.
[underlined] Petrol System [/underlined]
[diagram]
[underlined] OVERLOADS [/underlined]
[page break]
[underlined] A/1134. [/underlined]
WOP CREW
[table]
TR1196 used instead of T.R.9.
Emergency codes with lights.
E/A sighted series of A’s
Turn to Port = dot’s; action to be taken on last dot:
Turn to STB = dashes “ “ “ “ “ “ dash.
at shooting down of E/A = XX or all clear.
If gunner catches packet = NNN –
R crash landing
P for ditching
L for baling out.
Length of trailing ariel [sic] 50ft.
[page break]
[calculations]
[page break]
[underlined] MK 14 Bomb Sight.
Services. [/underlined]
1/. Electricity. 12 or 24 volts to Servo motors
2/. Suction 4 1/2 inches of mercury to pitch and roll gyros
3/. Air pressure 5lbs [symbol] in for pneumatic servo’s
4/. Static vent for ASI & altimeter
5/. Pitot vent for ASI
6/. Course control D.R compass or manual.
[underlined] Settings for Bombing. [/underlined]
Before flight.
1/. Met wind speed.
2/. Met wind direction
3/. Bomb T. [deleted] W [/deleted] V
4/. Target height against MSL Press at Target.
5/. Levelling scales for all up wt at target.
[underlined] Approaching Target. [/underlined]
1/. Bomb sight air cock on.
2/. Computor switch on.
3/. Graticule on.
4/. Reset wind speed & direction check course dial reading.
[underlined] On Bombing Run. [/underlined]
If no D.R.C system in A/C course
[page break]
must be fed in to the computor by another crew member ie NAV. give usual instructions to pilot to bring target down drift line release bombs when graticule covers target.
[underlined] N.B. [/underlined] before releasing bomb permit collimator to return to neutral.
[underlined] after Bombing [/underlined]
1/. Graticule off
2/. Computor Off
3/. Air off
in this order only.
[page break]
[calculations]
[page break]
[calculations]
[page break]
[calculations]
[page break]
[calculations]
[page break]
[diagram]
[torn page]
[calculations]
[page break]
[table of bearings]
DRIFT & PSN LINE METHOD OF WIND FINDING
[diagram]
[page break]
A – B : Courses flown. At time of position line draw in Air posn A/C later to course approx at right angles to posn line. from Air posn at time of posn line draw in reverse of this last course (at RT Angles to posn line) for time flown at Air speed. from posn obtained draw in line to A. Posn at time of posn line, this will wind up to time of
[torn page]
[calculations]
[page break]
MARINE SEXTANT
[calculations]
[page break]
[calculations]
[page break]
[calculations]
[page break]
[circled 1]/ [underlined] PERPENDICULAR ERROR. [/underlined] MIRROR COCKEYED.
Not experienced
[circled 2]. [underlined] SIDE ERROR [/underlined]
Displacement of Prism & bubble chamber offset.
[circled 3]. [underlined] INDEX ERROR [/underlined]
ERRORS IN MECHANISM.
[circled 4] SHADE ERROR. [/underlined]
Dirty or bad shade causes refraction.
[circled 5] [underlined] WEAR & TEAR. [/underlined]
Old age.
[circled 6] PERSONAL ERROR. [/underlined]
Sight [underlined] REFRACTION [/underlined] TABLE “A” applies to us.
[underlined] DOME REFRACTION.
SEMI DIAMETER. [/underlined] Sun & Moon
[underlined] DIP.
PARALLAX IN ALTITUDE. [/underlined]
CORRECTIONS
HT. OBSERVED
[symbol] SEXTANT CORRN
- DIP
- REFRACTION
- DOME REFRACTION
[symbol]
S. DIAMETER
+ PIN A
[symbol]
Q CRN
= CALCULATED ALT
[diagram]
[page break]
WATCH READING 2158 06 10 secs fast = 2157 56
[calculations]
[page break]
[table of conversions]
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Ted Neale's Navigation Exercise Book
Description
An account of the resource
An exercise book kept by Ted Neale with his Navigation notes, as part of his training at 77 Operational Training Unit
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ted Neale
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1944-03-13
Format
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One exercise book with handwritten notes
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Text. Training material
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
MNealeETH1395951-150731-043
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Royal Air Force
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Frank Batten
aircrew
navigator
Operational Training Unit
training
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/1246/16381/MNealeETH1395951-150731-042.1.pdf
af613e21692eb26b546719e74079d436
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Neale, Ted
E T H Neale
Description
An account of the resource
123 items. The collection concerns Edward Thomas Henry Neale (b. 1922, 1395951 Royal Air Force) who served as a navigator with 37 Squadron in North Africa, the Middle East and Italy. The collection contains his training notebooks from South Africa as well as propaganda leaflets dropped by the allies in the Mediterranean theatre.
The collection also contains a photograph album, navigation logs and target photographs.
The collection has been loaned to the IBCC Digital Archive for digitisation by Alison Neale and catalogued by Barry Hunter.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015-07-31
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Identifier
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Neale, ETH
Transcribed document
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading.
Transcription
Text transcribed from audio recording or document
[underlined] Wings.
Function of wings [/underlined]
In order that an aircraft may fly it is necessary that it be supported, the forward movement of the wings through the air produces an upward force called the lift, counteracting the weight of the aircraft and thus supporting it in the air.
[underlined] Angle of Attack [/underlined]
in flight the wing is slightly inclined to the direction of motion and hence to the airflow, this small angle (usually 2 to 4 degrees in straight and level flight) is called the angle of Attack.
[underlined] Airflow over the Wing. [/underlined]
Experiment shows that the airflow is smooth over both top and bottom
[page break]
surfaces and that the streamlines are closer together over the top surface than over the bottom. The airflow is faster over the [und] top surface [/underlined] than over the bottom, the upwash in front of the wing and the downwash behind it should be noted.
[underlined] Pressure Distribution [/underlined]
The result of this characteristic airflow is to produce (a) a slight increase of pressure on the lower surface, (b) a slight decrease of pressure on the upper surface, the actual differences from atmospheric pressure are very small. Typical values are 1/200 of atmospheric pressure for (a) and 1/100 for (b). note that approximately 2/3 of the total lift is provided by the upper surface.
[page break]
[underlined] Sketches [/underlined] 1/ (a)(b)(c)
All the forces acting on the wing, both above and below may be combined into one “total reaction”, which acts through [underlined] the centre of Pressure [/underlined], it is inclined backwards.
[underlined] Lift and Drag. [/underlined]
Sketch (2).
[page break]
The total reaction (R) is split into two components, one parallel to the airflow, the other perpendicular, the first force (that parallel to the airflow) resists motion to the air and is called [underlined] DRAG. [/underlined] The second (perpendicular to the airflow) supports the aircraft and is called [und] LIFT. [/underlined]
The designers object is to obtain the greatest possible lift with the least possible drag; the pilot on his part must keep the wings at the angle of attack which gives the best results.
[underlined] Effect of Increasing Angle of Attack. [/underlined]
(Speed Remaining Constant)
[circled 1] [underlined] Drag [/underlined] as angle of attack increases from about 0 (Drag Minimum) Drag increases gradually at first and more rapidly later.
[page break]
[circled 2] [underlined] Lift [/underlined] as angle of attack increases from about –2 (Lift 0) Lift increases, [underlined] but does not continue to increase indefinitely. [/underlined] At a certain angle (roundabout 15) Lift reaches a maximum and begins to decrease with further angle of attack. The angle of attack which gives maximum Lift is know [sic] as the [underlined] stalling [/underlined] angle.
Sketch (3)
[diagram]
[underlined] Airflow at the Stalling Angle. [/underlined]
Experiments show that the decrease in Lift at the stalling angle is caused by the airflow leaving the top surface of the wing and forming eddies or
[page break]
turbulence above & behind the wing and spoiling the downwash, thus it is the loss of effectiveness of the [underlined] top [/underlined] of the wing which causes stall
Sketch (4)
[underlined] What Lift and Drag depend upon. [/underlined]
[circled 1]. Shape of the wing (a) cross section (b) plan
[circled 2]. Angle of attack
[circled 3]. Density of the Air
[circled 4]. Wing Area (Projected)
[circled 5]. Air Speed.
[page break]
Theory in Practise
[circled 1] Biplane versus Monoplane
Low speeds demand large wing area in order to obtain sufficient lift (hence biplanes & triplanes in the last war). The biplane however has the following disadvantages
(1) Interference between the two wings this results in loss of lift
[diagram]
Interference may be partially overcome by (a) Increasing [underlined] gap [/underlined] (b) [underlined] Stagger [/underlined] (although this is largely employed to increase the pilots field of vision
(2) [underlined] Increased Drag due to struts & wires [/underlined]
[page break]
The monoplane has developed mainly because of (a) higher speeds and consequent smaller wing area (b) improvement in materials and methods of construction (eg) cantilever)
Wing Loading = TOTAL WEIGHT / PROJECTED AREA OF WINGS usually measured in lbs per sq ft.
Low wing loading – slow, light biplanes eg Tiger Moth.
High wing loadings – fast monoplanes e.g. Spitfire
Typical figures High Stirling 49 lbs sq ft Dornier 217E 64 lbs per sq ft
Low Tiger Moth. 7.6 lbs per sq ft
[page break]
[diagram]
[underlined] Wing Drag. [/underlined]
[circled 1] Profile Drag (Form Drag)
Dependant on the shape of the cross section of the wing, also on the angle of attack.
[circled 2] Skin Friction
Can be reduced by making the surface smooth. It becomes relatively more important as form drag is reduced and speed becomes greater.
[circled 3] Wing Tip Vortices (Induced Drag)
[page break]
[circled 3] Is really part of the lift, it can never be entirely eliminated, but the loss of lift can be partially restored and the induced drag, at the same time decreased by using,
[circled 1] High Aspect Ratio
[circled 2] Tapered wings.
[circled 3] Rounded or Raked Tips.
[underlined] Parasite Drag. [/underlined]
(Drag of rest of Plane)
[circled 1]. Profile Drag
Dependant on streamlining, note: although a retractable undercarriage much reduces drag when up, it is usually worse than the non retractable type when down, this does not help take off.
[circled 2] Skin Friction.
The smaller the area, the smaller
[page break]
is skin friction, hence the cramped quarters in an aeroplane.
[circled 2] Cooling Drag
Greatly reduced of late, may even be negative.
[underlined] The Four Forces [/underlined]
Considering now the whole aeroplane in straight & level flight, all the forces acting on it can be summed up in four
1/. [underlined] Lift. [/underlined] acting vertically upwards from the [underlined] Centre of pressure [/underlined] of the plane as a whole
2/. [underlined] Weight [/underlined] acting vertically downwards from the [underlined] Centre of Gravity [/underlined] of the Plane.
3/. [underlined] Thrust [/underlined] acting forwards along the propellor shaft, usually horizontally
4/. [underlined] Drag. [/underlined] of the whole plane acting
[page break]
horizontally backwards along a line that we can call a [underlined] line of drag. [/underlined]
The plane is not altering its height or speed and is therefore in mechanical equilibrium. The condition for equilibrium are.
Lift must exactly equal weight (L = W) to keep it from sinking or rising
2/. Thrust must exactly equal drag (T = D) to keep it from speeding up or slowing down
Note L & W are much bigger than T or D eg L =W = 10,000 lbs T =D = 1,000 lbs
3/. The four forces must act in the right places so that the plane may be neither nose heavy nor tail heavy.
[page break]
These conditions might be fulfilled thus but it would be impossible to keep them like this because
[diagram]
(A) C.G moves with alteration in bomb & petrol load and the position of the crew
(B) C of P moves with alterations in angle of attack:
(C) T & D alter their lines of action with various angle of attack.
A more usual arrangement for normal conditions is
(1) To have the lift slightly behind the weight line giving a diving twist
(2) To counteract this by having the drag line above the thrust line giving a stalling twist.
[diagram]
[page break]
This has the advantage that if the engine fails and thrust ceases the L. W twist puts the nose of the plane down in the correct attitude for the glide.
[underlined] Trimming Devices [/underlined]
As already stated the designer may arrange to have the plane in perfect equilibrium at one speed & angle of attack, but as soon as a new angle of attack is needed for a new speed the disposition of the forces is upset. trimming devices enable the pilot to restore equilibrium & eliminate the alternative of using the elevator with a constant & tiring pull on the stick
[page break]
[underlined] Stalling
Stalling Angle. [/underlined]
Is the angle of attack of a wing (at any particular speed) which gives maximum lift.
[underlined] Stalling Speed [/underlined]
Is the least speed that can be maintained in straight and level flight.
A pilot wishing to decrease speed must still maintain lift = weight. The drop in lift due to decrease of speed is therefore compensated for by a greater angle of attack. This may continue until a further increase in angle of attack gives no increase in lift – Stalling Angle & Stalling Speed have been reached. Controls are now sloppy & ineffective & any further attempt to decrease speed will result in loss of control, the dropping of the nose or of one wing. Stalling Speed in Straight and Level Flight may not always be the same for the same aircraft. [underlined] An increase in total weight [/underlined]
[page break]
will raise the stalling speed, while an increase in [underlined] wing area [/underlined] (see later “Flaps”) will lower the stalling speed, thus the [underlined] wing loading [/underlined] of an aircraft will indicate its probable landing speed – No wing loading, land slowly; High wing loading high landing speed.
[underlined] Decrease of Air Density [/underlined] will increase the stalling speed, but the [underlined] indicated [/underlined] airspeed on the ASI for stall is the same for all densities & all height
[underlined] Stalling in turns & manouvers [sic] [/underlined]
[diagram]
[page break]
[diagram]
If the aircraft moves in a curved path the ‘effective weight’ becomes greater and more lift is necessary, in other words stalling speed rises. In turning the increase in stalling speed is not great, at angles of bank up to 45, but with steep turns it rises considerably, similarly, when pulling out of a dive the stalling speed may be very high if the stick is pulled back strongly.
[page break]
[underlined] Example. [/underlined]
Aircraft with level stalling speed 60mph
Angle of bank 60 stalling speed 85mph
Angle of bank 70 stalling speed 105mph
Angle of bank 75 stalling speed 120mph
Same aircraft pulling out of 300mph dive
Loss of height 1500 ft, stalling speed 105mph
Loss of height 700 ft stalling speed 125mph
Loss of height 400 ft stalling speed 170mph
(7G Blackout)
Loss of height 100 ft “ “ 200mph
(10G)
[underlined] Slots & Slats. [/underlined]
Decreasing [deleted] in [/deleted] stalling speed & delaying stall.
If a small auxiliary wing (slat) is placed in front of the main wing, with a suitable gap (slot) between the two –
1/. The smooth airflow over the wing is
[page break]
maintained beyond the normal stalling angle by a further 10 or more.
2/. The maximum lift at this postponed stalling angle is 50% to 100% higher than without the slot
3/. The higher the maximum lift, lowers the stalling speed.
The slot usually is arranged to open automatically just before the main wing stalls, the disadvantage of slats lies in the [underlined] large angle of attack [/underlined] necessary for landing, producing
a/. poor visibility
b/. High undercart
Hence slats by themselves are rarely used now except when 1/. linked flaps
2/. Fitted only at wing tips to improve control (see later0.
[page break]
[diagrams]
[page break]
[diagram]
When an aircraft glides with the engine stopped the forces acting are 1/. Lift at right angles to the glide path. 2/. Drag, backwards along the glide path. 3/. Weight, acting vertically downwards. At a steady gliding speed L & D balance W.
It will be seen that the angle of glide [symbol] is the same as the angle between the lift & the vertical. This angle varies according to the ratio of lift to drag, ie with small D & large L [symbol] is small therefore for a very small glide it is necessary to have L/D as large as possible. Now L/D for a wing may be about 20 to 1
[page break]
but for the whole aircraft may be only 10 to 1. It is a measure of the [underlined] efficiency [/underlined] of the aircraft, aerodynamically & from a measure of L/D the flattest glide angle may be calculated, conversely improvement in streamlining may easily be tested by finding what improvement has resulted in gliding angle.
[underlined] Best Gliding Angle [/underlined]
It is possible for an aircraft to glide in different attitudes. It does [underlined] not [/underlined] necessarily glide along its longitudinal axis. In order to have the flattest possible glide, (ie to glide as far as possible) it must be controlled so that the ratio L/D is a maximum – ie so that the angle of attack
[page break]
is about +4 degrees (depending on the type of aircraft). If the angle is [underlined] greater [/underlined] or [underlined] less [/underlined] than this, the [underlined] glide path will be steeper. [/underlined] Only one Air Speed will correspond to this particular angle of attack, so that for optimum glide the pilot must watch his A.S.I. The instinctive tendency when wanting to glide as far as possible, is to put the nose up to far, this lowers the air speed, but [underlined] steepens [/underlined] the glide path.
A rough guide for possible distance is 1 mile for every 1,000 ft of height, this may be greatly exceeded with an efficient aircraft, efficiently operation, e.g. [symbol] = 3.6 degrees, which is equal to 3 miles per 1,000 ft.
[page break]
[diagram]
1/. [underlined] Problems of Landing
Flaps. [/underlined]
Modern high speed A/C of high wing loading necessarily have a high stalling speed and therefore a high landing speed. Increases in speed & wt carrying tend to increase landing speed.
[underlined] Flaps [/underlined] make it possible to reduce landing speed & length of run with –
[page break]
out sacrificing performance. In their simplest form the rear portion of the wing near the trailing edge is hinged so as to be movable downwards.
[diagram]
[underlined] Effect on Lift. [/underlined]
Flap angle 0 to 45 lift increases steadily, flap angle 45 to 60 lift increase more slowly. Flap angle 60 and onwards, practically no increase.
[underlined] Effect on Drag [/underlined]
0 - 45 small increase in drag
45 - 90 large “ “ “
[underlined] Effects of Flaps. [/underlined]
a/. [underlined] Reduction of stalling speed [/underlined] due to increased lift. This gives 1/. Slower Glide
[page break]
2/. Slower landing speed without increasing angle of attack (compare slats)
B/. [underlined] Steepens gliding angle. [/underlined] when landing
C/.
[underlined] Shortens the hold off period. [/underlined] (increased drag)
D/.
[underlined] Shortened landing run. [/underlined] by increasing drag (large flap angle)
E/.
[underlined] Shortened take-off run. [/underlined] by increasing lift (small flap angle)
2/. [underlined] Wheel Brakes [/underlined]
These are used to shorten landing run
[underlined] Disadvantages [/underlined]
a/ Tend to cause nose over.
b/. Tend to cause kite to swing. (CG behind main wheels) ie wheel brakes tend to make A/C [underlined] unstable [/underlined]
[page break]
on landing run.
Both a & b may be eliminated by
3/ [underlined] Tricycle Undercart. [/underlined]
In this case the C.G. is in front of the main wheels (thus preventing swing) & the nose wheel prevents nosing down, therefore the A/C can [underlined] land fast with tail up. [/underlined] There is also less tendency to bounce.
[underlined] Stability [/underlined]
An aircraft is said to be stable if, when disturbed from straight and level flight it returns to normal without any action on the part of the Pilot.
[underlined] Longitudinal Stability about the lateral axis or stability in pitch. [/underlined]
[diagram]
[page break]
[diagram]
If an aircraft flying level is suddenly disturbed so that the nose is raised, the following events occur
1/. Inertia will cause the A/C to persist in its previous path of flight. Thus producing
2/. An increase in the angle of attack
a/. The wings
b/. The tailplane
b/. produces
3/. An upload on the tail which gives for a nose down to its previous position or attitude.
[underlined] Note [/underlined] The increase in lift on the
[page break]
tail
is small compared with that on the wings but its effectiveness is due to greater leverage
[underlined] For good stability in pitch the C of G must be well forward.
Lateral Stability about the longitudinal axis, or stability in roll. [/underlined]
Methods of securing this are
1/. Dihedral on the wings
a/. a/c rolls therefore :-
B/ Lift is no longer vertical, this produces
C/. Sideslip toward the lower wing. This alters the direction of the relative wind, the angle of attack on the lower wing being greater than that on the lower wing, this gives:-
D/. More lift to the lower wing :-
e/. Roll back to horizontal.
[page break]
2/. [underlined] Sweepback. [/underlined] (Tiger Moth).
High Wing & Low CG (Pendulum) e.g. Lysander.
[underlined] Directional Stability. [/underlined] about the normal axis, or stability in yaw. (Weathercock Stability) When an q/c yaws inertia tends to keep it moving on its original flight path ie for a short distance it travels crabwise in the air, this means that the relative wind now strikes the side of the fuselage, the [underlined] tail fin [/underlined] & [underlined] the rudder [/underlined], the effect of this wind on the fin & the rudder & on that part of the fuselage behind the C of G is to return the a/c to its original attitude. The thrust on the front
[page break]
part of the fuselage tends to increase the yaw, but the large & efficient area of the fin & rudder, plus the greater leverage, easily overcome this adverse force.
[underlined] Connection between rolling & yawing. [/underlined]
When an q/c rolls it sideslips, hence dihedral restores it to an even keel, [underlined] but [/underlined] The sideslip will cause the relative wind to strike the fin & hence turn the a/c in the direction of the roll, thus it is normally necessary for this to be corrected by the pilot by a kick on the rudder.
[page break]
[underlined] Control. [/underlined]
Control surfaces
1/. Rudder.
2/. Elevators
3/. Ailerons
4/. Flaps
Effectiveness of a control surface depends upon a/. area
b/. Distance from turning axis (leverage)
c/. Speed of Airflow
[underlined] Aileron Drag [/underlined]
In order to bank the aileron one wing is lowered (thus increasing lift & the wing rises) & on the other, is raised (decrease in lift & wing falls)
But drag is also affected & the wing, with the aileron [underlined] down [/underlined] (outside wing) has its drag increased more than the other, this tends to turn the A/C
[page break]
in the wrong direction.
[underlined] remedies: [/underlined]
1/. Differential ailerons
[diagram]
[underlined] Frise. [/underlined]
[diagram]
[underlined] Balanced Controls. [/underlined]
The amount of physical strength necessary to operate the control column
[page break]
may often be very great, in order to make it smaller control surfaces are balanced by making part of the surface project in front of the hinge line & thus help in moving the controls.
[diagram]
[underlined] Mass Balance [/underlined]
Control surfaces which are slightly flexible, plus slackness or play in cables or control rods may produce flutter, which may become violent enough to break the controls, this is prevented by the addition
[page break]
of mass balance weights as shown below.
[diagram]
[underlined] Trimming Tabs & Balance Tabs. [/underlined]
[diagram]
Tab goes down, control surfaces goes up. Tab goes up, control surface goes down.
[underlined] Uses. [/underlined] a/. as a [underlined] balance. [/underlined] in the same way as horn balance or inset hinge.
[page break]
b/. as a bias or correction to [underlined] trim [/underlined] the A/C e.g. on elevators when C.G. alters, this results in releasing strain on control column & trim tabs have superseded the adjustable tail plane for this purpose. Trim tabs may be
1/. Adjustable from pilots seat (bombers)
2/. “ only on ground (most fighters)
[table]
[page break]
[diagram]
[page break]
[diagram]
[page break]
[table]
[page break]
[diagram]
[page break]
[diagram]
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Notes on Airframes
Description
An account of the resource
Ted Neale's notes on aircraft.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ted Neale
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
41 handwritten sheets
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
MNealeETH1395951-150731-042
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Royal Air Force
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Frank Batten
aircrew
navigator
training
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/1246/16380/MNealeETH1395951-150731-041.1.pdf
18a914be3bd1d71ccc145550aacca43e
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Neale, Ted
E T H Neale
Description
An account of the resource
123 items. The collection concerns Edward Thomas Henry Neale (b. 1922, 1395951 Royal Air Force) who served as a navigator with 37 Squadron in North Africa, the Middle East and Italy. The collection contains his training notebooks from South Africa as well as propaganda leaflets dropped by the allies in the Mediterranean theatre.
The collection also contains a photograph album, navigation logs and target photographs.
The collection has been loaned to the IBCC Digital Archive for digitisation by Alison Neale and catalogued by Barry Hunter.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015-07-31
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Identifier
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Neale, ETH
Transcribed document
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Transcription
Text transcribed from audio recording or document
S.A. AIR FORCE
S.A. LUGMAg
EXERCISE BOOK
OEFENBOEK
SIGNALS
FOR USE IN
VIR GEBRUIK BY
No 1.9 A.N.
AIR FORCE TRAINING SCHOOLS
LUGMAGSKOLE
[page break]
[underlined] Procedures before an Operational Flight [/underlined]
[circled 1]. Stand-by instructions are received.
[circled 2]. Report to Ops room.
[circled 3] Obtain from Duty controller [illegible] of the task, then from Navigation officer the nav instructions.
[circled 4]. Study general situation map, own forces board & note bombing restrictions.
[circled 5]. Study Met maps & obtain all relative information
[circled 6] Obtain the following from the Intelligence staff.
a/. All information about the enemy in the area over [illegible] to fly.
b/. [illegible] signals.
c/. W/T Instructions.
d/. Pro forma
e/. [illegible] latest order [illegible]
f/ [illegible] all target [illegible] photos of relative [illegible] target]
7/ Collect all operational maps, [illegible], very pistol and cartridges & binoculars
[page break]
8/. [underlined] EMPTY POCKETS.
9/. Collect Pigeons. [/underlined]
10/. Check all personal equipment.
11/. The following Recco information must be obtained.
a/. The object of the recco
b/. The recco area.
c/. The order of priority of tasks.
d/. Photographs required.
12/. Check all A/C equipment.
13/. Have a hot meal.
14/. Report to ops room for last minute briefing.
15/ Take Off.
[page break]
[underlined] TASK FORCE. [/underlined]
1 BATTLESHIP
1 A/C CARRIER
3 CRUISERS
10 DESTROYERS
[diagram]
[underlined] CRUISING DISPOSITION [/underlined]
[diagram]
[page break]
[underlined] Battleships, [/underlined]
30 – 45 thousand tons
+30 knots
Main 8 – 10 / 14” – 16” calibre
2nd 5” – 6” Guns
Bombard Coastal targets, blockade enemy ports, destroy enemy battle fleet.
Battle CRUISER
Weight 32 000
Speed 30 knots
1st 8 15”
2nd 6”
Armoured heavily but not so heavy as a battleship. Instructions the same as for battleship, but also to support cruisers in A –K line.
AIRCRAFT CARRIER
23 – 33,000 tons
32 – 33 Knots
Armour is light, but has bilges carries up to 90 A/C. Guns between 5” – 6” inches for repelling destroyer
[page break]
& M/T boats.
Functions of carrier.
To provide fighter cover
Bombing forces, (dive, torpedo)
Gun spotting A/C
Recco A/C
CRUISERS
Upper limits of cruiser tonnage governed by Washington treaty, up to 10,000 tons.
4 – 10,000 speed 34 knots.
Heavy Cruisers 8in guns, 6in guns
light cruiser Armour light some have bilges
[underlined] Functions. [/underlined]
A/. As a tactical unit of the fleet, To form the A – K line & clear out any opposition ahead of fleet & act as contact recco units
B/. As an independent unit, policing the seas, safeguarding convoys, searching for & destroying commerce raiders etc
[page break]
[underlined] Destroyers. [/underlined]
Tonnage 6 – 1,600 speed 38 knots armour nil. Main armament is a torpedo, secondary is a gun & they are mounted one behind a shield. The Flotilla Leader (Tribal, Lightning, Javeline [sic] etc) 18 – 2,000 tons Speed 40 knots. Their main armament is the gun 4.7 mounted in twin turrets, 2nd ary armament is torpedo
[underlined] Functions [/underlined]
Provision of screens for capital ships, the torpedoing of enemy warships, destruction of subs by depthcharge etc. They are led into action by their flotilla leaders who can protect them by reason of their heavier armament.
[underlined] Submarines [/underlined]
60 – 2,000 tons top speed on surface about 17 knots, Top speed
[page break]
submerged 10 – 11 knots, Economical Speed 3 – 4 knots submerged.
Main armament is torpedo, 2nd the Gun.
The destruction of Enemy merchant and warshipping.
[underlined] Coastal Motor Boats. [/underlined]
Small high speed motor boat – petrol or diesel, armour nil, fitted with Anti A/C guns 3.7 & AA pompoms, torpedoes depth charges, & smoke laying equipment.
[underlined] Function, [/underlined]
The protection of coastal convoys against air attack. The torpedoing of enemy ships in conditions of good weather 9calm sea & poor visibility)
[page break]
[underlined] Procedure to adopt on sighting enemy ships, when engaged on a sea patrol in bad weather. [/underlined]
1/. Avoid being seen, by using cloud cover.
2/. Recco the ship
3/. TRANSMIT a first sighting report to base
4/. Continue shadowing until relieved.
Procedure in Good Weather
[diagram]
[page break]
[diagram]
[page break]
[underlined] The Scope of Strategical Recco. [/underlined]
1/. The are including the enemy railhead & in the rear of it, where strategic concentration is likely, should be examing [sic] for signs of occupation, camps, bivouacs, columns of troops on roads and / or troops transports & guns in likely billeting areas.
2/. The quantity & type of rolling stock on the railways, general direction of movement & any concentration of them in station sidings and yards.
3/. The composition & general direction of movement of all traffic on the roads.
4/. The strength posn & direction of formed bodies of mobile troops such as armoured cars, tanks, which may be acting on recco, or as protective detachments in advance of the enemies [sic] main body.
5/. Demolitions & fires
[page break]
6/. The position of the enemy main reserve bodies, & strength, composition & direction of movement.
7/. Harbour Recco.
8/. No & type of A/C in the air & on the ground.
9/. Lines of communication, equipment dumps, refuelling of water points
10/. Any new road or rail constructional work.
AIR PUBLICATION 1927 is a code book carried by all operational A/c, it is divided into 4 sections, the first is known as the Air Force Code & is used from Air to Air or Air to ground.
2nd part is known as NAVAL SECTION. PART I is a code used by the R.A.F. when acting in direct cooperation with Royal Navy & is used to contact His Majesty ships.
NAVAL Section 2/.
a code used by A/C [underlined] not [/underlined] cooperating with the royal Navy but wishing
[page break]
to contact HM ships
4/. Q code used operational A/C contacting ground station in respect of NAVIGATIONAL METHODS.
[underlined] Action [inserted] to be taken [/inserted] on sighting Submarines [/underlined]
1/. All submarines are assumed to be hostile, attack on sight.
2/. If you are not carrying bombs or Depth Charges, then carry out a dummy attack against the sub, machine gunning the base of the conning tower to make her submerge & use up electricity supplie.
3/. TRANSMIT BY W/T a report giving the following. [underlined] Posn, course of sub when sighted, [/underlined] whether surfaced or submerged, action taken &
[page break]
observed effects.
(If one of our submarines is in these waters you will have been informed of its position at your briefing & it will identify itself by firing the colours of the day on sighting.
[underlined] Action to be taken on sighting E./Aircraft. [/underlined]
1/. Avoid being seen by using some cloud
2/. If the strength of the A/C sighted & their proximity to one of our targets warrants breaking W/T silence, transmit & report to base giving the following. NUMBER, TYPE, POSN, Course, Height, Time
3/. Continue on your way.
[page break]
R/T
messages should be made as short as possible.
Speak normally & slowly, in phrases.
[underlined] Call [/underlined]
Hello [underlined] able Baker [/underlined] this is Peter 6.
The ending must be either A/ over (K) my transmittion [sic] is ended. I am expecting an answer.
OUT my transmittion [sic] is ended no response expect.
The time of Origin if used will be expressed as four digits preceded by the word [underlined] time [/underlined]
[underlined] Procedure Phrases. [/underlined]
[underlined] R [/underlined] I have received all your last transmission.
acknowledge (used by original
[page break]
[deleted] used [/deleted] let me know that you have received and understood this message
WILCO, Your last message received, understood & (where applicable) will be complied with.
“How do you hear me” request for signal strength.
If too fast say “Speak slower”
“Wait”, when used alone means I must pause for a few seconds
“wait” followed by “out” used to denote a longer pause or to prevent another station transmitting.
“Say Again” answered by “I say again” (Repeat is never used except in text of message)
“Verify” check coding, check text qith originator & send correct message.
[page break]
U W [illegible] & increases
“Message for you” offering a message & instruction to carry on is “send your message”
“Read back” (G) Repeat all this message back to me exactly as received after I have given over
“That is correct” (used for C)
“Words twice” as a request means communication is difficult please send every or code group twice or as information since communication is difficult every phrase or code group will be sent twice
[underlined] Correction [/underlined]
An error has been made in this transmission, the correct version is
[underlined] “Wrong” [/underlined]
means what you have just said is incorrect. Correct version is
[page break]
The group count is refered [sic] to as “Groups”
If it is necessary to use long break just say “break’
Hello Peter 6 this is able Baker how do you hear me. Over.
Hello AB this is P6, your signals are loud & clear over.
Hello P6 this is AB, Roger Out.
Hello P6 this is AB, message for you. Over
Hello AB this is P6, send your message over
Hello P6 this is AB read back break land at Dyce I spell D, - Y, E Correction, D, Y, C, E Dyce. 2359 hours time 2230 over.
Hello AB this is P6, Land at Dyce 2259 time 2230 over.
[page break]
Hello P6 this is AB, Wrong word after Dyce. 2359 over.
Hello AB this is P6, 2359 Over.
Hello P6 this is AB, that is correct, out.
[page break]
the standard [illegible] fitted to royal air force and [illegible] and [illegible] compass and a [illegible] which are [illegible] and two [illegible and in the [illegible]
[page break]
If followed by AR means you are to wait or I am obliged to wait. (INT.K)
B. a/ Used in final instructions, means more to follow.
b/ Used in S.M of P.S. message means I have traffic for you. precedence may follow [underlined] B [/underlined]
BT Long break, immediately precedes & follows the text of all messages.
C Correct (If alone means you are correct).
E ERASE Sign (succession of 8 or more dots). must be followed by the last word or group sent correctly & If followed by AR
[page break]
it means “this message is in error” disregard it.
F. Do not answer.
Used in preamble or final instructions.
G. repeat back the whole message, used in transmittion [sic] instructions.
GR Group Indicator. Int GR 15 means is the no of Groups 15.
II a/ it [underlined] is [/underlined] used before & after all [illegible] in the call, preamble, & address of a message (except V, AA, or NR)
b/ between the call & the beginning of a repetition of a message to be repeated back
c/. In procedure messages to separate portions of the text.
IMI. Repeat (a/ used alone means repeat all of your last transmission, followed by identification [underlined] data [/underlined] b/ Repeat the indicated portion of your transmission.
c/ In the text of a pl language message means, I am going to repeat the difficult
[page break]
portion just transmitted.
F & I method, still used before transmission of second prtion.
e/ Cannot be used to obtain a repetition of a message which R has been given. [operating signals provided).
INT Interrogatory, INT K preceding a portion of a previous transmission it means is my reception of this correct
INT R Have you received last message
IX execute to follow. Precedes instructions which must not be acted upon until receipt of executive signal
IX – (5 seconds)
S9PVVR - - - - LX BT DROP FLARES BTK
VRVS9P R AR
S9PVVR – LxiX – AR
J. Verify check and repeat
QJM Check & Repeat.
[page break]
K. GO AHEAD. This is the end of my transmission & response [underlined] is [/underlined] necessary.
N. not received, or exempted
NR. Station serial number.
R. Received (Routine)
QSZ. Difficult communication (instead of [underlined] DC [/underlined] )
T TRANSMIT [underlined] TO [/underlined]. T alone means station called transmit this message to all addresses
V [underlined] From. [/underlined] Used only in the call.
W For information to.
AAA Full stop
DJ Hyphen
KK ( )
XE /
POINT decimal point.
QUOTE & UNQUOTE “ “
[page break]
[table]
[page break]
[table]
[underlined] Requests for Repetitions. [/underlined] (code).
Messages may be identified by
1/. Date – time – group
2/. Station serial nos (either may further Identify by adding originator C/S &/or Group count
3/. Identification necessary if repetition required immediately.
[underlined] Parts of Messages Identified by. [/underlined]
4/. AA BT (All After BT) text & message end
5/. AB BT (all Before text).
6/. A to BT (from Address to BT) (including message Inst (illegible)
7/. BT Presumed to refer to first break sign.
AA - - - BT (Last word or group of text).
ABA (all before originators sign (call & preamble)).
Actual no of Group required
AA2 (no of last group received correctly)
Group No to Group No
P/L as in 1 – 8 &
12/. AA the last word received correctly.
13/. WA “ “ “ “ “
If word occurs more than once in
[page break]
text request is presumed to refer to first occurrence unless amplified by adjacent word
14 Word to word
[underlined] Verification [/underlined].
Messages first identified assume 1 & 2 portions as in 4 – 10
[page break]
[code groups]
[page break]
[code groups]
[page break]
[underlined] Counting Groups [/underlined]
1/. Count groups between BT & B only
2/. Punctuation marks not counted unless spelt out as words.
3/. Hyphenated words count as one group.
4/. Every group of letters, figures, symbols, such as abbreviations, references, code groups count as on group.
MAJOR-GENERA (one group)
MAJOR HYPHEN GENERAL (3 groups)
125-3/4 (55) X56 (one group)
LT. J. SOAP (3 Groups)
Two one and one half (5 groups)
[page break]
[underlined] Checking of Group count & Initial Check [/underlined]
The group count is included as a check – use it. If the number of groups received does not correspond with the group count then receiving station will query it by sending INT GR
If transmitting station finds in checking that he was at fault he will send C. If he finds that his original count was correct he replies stating the original Group count followed by the first letter or figure of each group.
[underlined] Executive Method. [/underlined]
The executive method is used when it is desired that the contents of a original be executed at a certain instant.
1/. Only plain dress message may be
[page break]
used for executive method.
2/. Date & group count never used.
3/. Time group optional.
4/. Prosign IX immediately precedes first break sign
5/. Only a repetition of the complete message if has been requested.
The executive symbol is IX followed by a 5 second dash (must be preceded by a call).
Instant of execution is end of dash. LX signal alone after a call means execute all unexecuted messages which I have transmitted
Messages will be identified [underlined] if [/underlined]
1/. Of several unexecuted messages 1 only is to be executed.
2/. Considerable time has elapsed since original transmission of message.
[page break]
[underlined] Annulling Messages [/underlined]
All outstanding messages, individual messages or parts of messages may be annulled by the use of NEGAT. If message partially annulled remaining portion is considered outstanding & awaiting execution.
[code groups]
[underlined] Verifications & Corrections [/underlined]
If on Verification message found to be incorrect it must be annulled to all addresses concerned & new message transmitted.
[page break]
[underlined] Approach to Enemy Harbour for Recco [/underlined]
1/. Make a landfall 4 – 10 miles from harbour.
2/. Steer inland using cloud cover.
3/. Approach harbour at 90 to Recco track & avoid being seen as far as possible.
4/. Turn on to Recco track & if possible glide out of sun, or desynchronise engines.
[underlined] Harbour Recco. [/underlined]
1/. All shipping at sea heading to or coming from the port.
2/. All shipping
a/. In dock or dry dock
b/. Loading or unloading
c/. Entering or leaving.
d/. With steam up.
[page break]
3/. New Costructional Work.
4/. Road & Rail activity.
5/. Petrol & Ammunition dumps
6/. Power stations.
7/. Defences.
[underlined] Air [/underlined]
AA & Searchlights
Fighters
Balloons
[underlined] Naval [/underlined]
Shore Batteries
Booms
Shipping lanes thru mines
[code groups]
Time bearing taken
[code groups]
[page break]
[code groups]
[page break]
[table]
In a message ending
[table]
[page break
[code groups]
[page break]
[calculations]
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Ted Neale's Signals Exercise Book
Description
An account of the resource
An exercise book that Ted Neale used to record his notes during Signals classes, No 19 AN Air Force Training School.
Training notes cover signals procedures and codes. Also instructions on operational flight procedures, reconnaissance flights and reporting results of reconnaissance.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ted Neale
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
One exercise book with handwritten notes
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Text. Training material
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
MNealeETH1395951-150731-041
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Royal Air Force
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
South Africa
South Africa--Port Elizabeth
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Frank Batten
aircrew
animal
navigator
training
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/1246/16372/MNealeETH1395951-150731-031.1.pdf
7724c9caca1af3f80cbfb3a6470d0cdf
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Neale, Ted
E T H Neale
Description
An account of the resource
123 items. The collection concerns Edward Thomas Henry Neale (b. 1922, 1395951 Royal Air Force) who served as a navigator with 37 Squadron in North Africa, the Middle East and Italy. The collection contains his training notebooks from South Africa as well as propaganda leaflets dropped by the allies in the Mediterranean theatre.
The collection also contains a photograph album, navigation logs and target photographs.
The collection has been loaned to the IBCC Digital Archive for digitisation by Alison Neale and catalogued by Barry Hunter.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015-07-31
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Neale, ETH
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Meteorology Excercise Book
Description
An account of the resource
An excercise book kept by Ted Neale with his meteorology notes. Recorded at No 19 AN 42 Air School, Port Elizabeth.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ted Neale
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
One excercise book with handwritten notes
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Text. Training material
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
MNealeETH1395951-150731-031
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Royal Air Force
South African Air Force
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
South Africa
South Africa--Port Elizabeth
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1943
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1943
aircrew
navigator
training
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/1246/16371/MNealeETH1395951-150731-030.1.pdf
6063b9ac7bf8ef65b9d334a2a907e035
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Neale, Ted
E T H Neale
Description
An account of the resource
123 items. The collection concerns Edward Thomas Henry Neale (b. 1922, 1395951 Royal Air Force) who served as a navigator with 37 Squadron in North Africa, the Middle East and Italy. The collection contains his training notebooks from South Africa as well as propaganda leaflets dropped by the allies in the Mediterranean theatre.
The collection also contains a photograph album, navigation logs and target photographs.
The collection has been loaned to the IBCC Digital Archive for digitisation by Alison Neale and catalogued by Barry Hunter.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015-07-31
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Neale, ETH
Transcribed document
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading.
Transcription
Text transcribed from audio recording or document
S.A. AIR FORCE
S.A. LUGMAG
[underlined] D.R. [/underlined]
Theory
EXERCISE BOOK
OEFENBOEK
E. Neale.
FOR USE IN
VIR GEBRUIK BY
AIR FORCE TRAINING SCHOOLS
LUGMAGSKOLE
[page break]
[underlined] Analysis of Air Exercises. [/underlined]
1/.
To determine the standard of accuracy of air navigation to which it is possible to rely.
2/. To isolate those errors of which errors can be practically eliminated by training & practice.
To fly from one point to another the navigator makes various calculations from which the E.T.A at the terminal point, the difference between the position that he finishes up & his destination is the nett error of the flight (the final error.) It is necessary therefore for the purposed of analysis an accurate pinpoint is obtained at or near E.T.A.
There are several errors to be taken into consideration, the result of these may be cumulative or may partially or wholly cancel one another out. Thus the final error in
[page break]
itself may not provide a reliable guide as to the accuracy of navigation.
Analysis must be made to determine the several errors individually, the sum of these errors named the cumulative error shows the error that would have been obtained in the most unfortunate circumstances with the errors operating in the same direction & sense. Examination of the cumulative error provides an average figure which may be taken as a guife to the accuracy of any particular crew, when on recco it may be taken as an indication of the accuracy of the sighting report from that crew, or whilst on a bombing sortie the ability to find their way to the target area.
[page break]
[underlined] The errors are divided into the following groups. [/underlined]
1/. [underlined] Calculation error [/underlined] due to incorrect plotting, calculation of courses to steer, times to alter course & E.T.A’s etc.
2/. [underlined] Wind change error. [/underlined] caused by the wind velocity(s) used by the navigator not being the true wind velocity(s) affecting the A/C
3/. The other error
Composed of errors due to incorrect piloting, faulty instruments etc.
[diagram]
[page break]
[diagram]
From the geographical point of departure the actual courses steered are laid off for distance corresponding to the T.A.S & time on each course. The final air position is called A. From A lay in W/Velocities used by plotting directions for distances corresponding to the Wind speed & time that each W/V is used, this position is B. then calculation error is B – X. X being proposed terminal point of flight. From A lay in W/V as above, this point is called C. BC is then wind change error. Plot actual posn of A/C on E.T.A. (D) DC is then other error. DX is final error.
[underlined] points to be noted. [/underlined]
1/.
Air Speed used must be T.A.S. i.e. check comparison of I.A.S.
2/. Time must be accurately noted.
3/ Errors are determined by measurement of distances on the plot, these errors are then expressed as a percentage of the total air distance flown, in order to provide a standard to compare navigation.
[underlined] Results of Analysis. [/underlined]
1/. It provides a standard of accuracy that can be relied on by a particular crew, this being an average of the acumulation [sic] errors on a number of flights.
2/. It shows any particular error which it may
[page break]
be possible to eliminate by further practice on the part of navigator & pilot ie inability to calculate W/V’s or steer courses.
[underlined] Accepted Standard of accuracy for A/C of Reconnaisance [sic] Type (ie Anson). [/underlined]
[table]
[diagram]
[page break]
[underlined] RUNNING FIX. BY Co & A.S. [/underlined]
Bomber Command method.
The advantage of this method is that it can be used to give an accurate running fix when TRACK & G/S are either unknown or not known with sufficient accuracy to give a good fix. i.e. when flying over the sea & unable to check drift. Whilst flying in or above cloud, while flying on a dark night. On these occasions track & g/s would not be known accurately, but the CO & a/s would be known.
[underlined] NOTE. [/underlined]
THIS METHOD CAN ONLY BE USED IF THERE HAS BEEN NO ALTERATION OF COURSE OR T.A.S SINCE LAST FIX OR PIN POINT.
CONSTRUCTION (A)
From last FIX or P.P. draw on Co (T) & mark in Air Posns for times of Posn lines (bearings) (D&E). From (A) draw any line A-B
[page break]
to cut the first Posn line at [underlined] C. [/underlined] Join D-C, through E draw a parallel to D-C to cut A-B at F. then F is the point through which to transfer 1st Posn line. If 3 posn lines are used first transfer 1st Posn line to last & then second Posn line to last.
[underlined] NOTE. [/underlined]
The accuracy of this method depends to some extent on the angle between the course & the line [underlined] AB [/underlined] which should be in the nature of 10 - 15. The D.R. track may be used as line A – B if the D – R drift is sufficiently large ie angle between Co & AB large enough.
[page break]
[diagram]
Line of radius of action can be calculated from a formula, or by putting ground speed out against ground speed home on back of computor, then looking for two numbers opposite each other on outer & inner scale the sum of which equals the duration of the flight in minutes. Point to turn is found by measuring distance calculated from G/S out and time for radius of action.
[page break]
[underlined] Radius of Action to Second or Moving Base [/underlined]
[diagram]
[page break]
[page break]
[calculations]
[page break]
[calculations]
[page break]
[calculations]
[page break]
[calculations]
[page break]
6/. Go to crew room & check up on small notices published in your absence, particularly your next standby.
[underlined] Bombing Recco [/underlined]
1/. Exact location.
2/. Layout of TARGET.
3/. Vulnerability.
4/. Damage done in previous raid.
5/. Tactical information.
a/. The visibility of the TARGET from different angles of APPROACH.
B/. Landmarks as an aid to low level attacks.
c/. Landmarks as an aid to night attack
d/. Enemy defences, fighters & A-A
e/. Met Information
[page break]
[table]
[underlined] PROCEDURE AFTER FLIGHT. [/underlined]
1/.
Aircraft met by NCO photographer. Hand to him your camera magazine & note of no of exposures & light conditions over target.
2/. Report immediately to the Ops room taking with you Forms 401 & 441 your maps & all notes made in the air.
3/. You are interrogated by S.I.O. & may here discuss verbally any assumption
4/. Sign & hand in forms 401 & 441
5/. Complete & sign photographic report, bombing report (BA), combat report (PILOT)
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
D R Theory Exercise Book
Description
An account of the resource
An exercise book kept by Ted Neale recording notes about navigation theory. Training notes covering Dead Reckoning calculations and corrections, and post flight procedures.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ted Neale
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
One exercise book with handwritten notes
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Text. Training material
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
MNealeETH1395951-150731-030
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Royal Air Force
South African Air Force
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
South Africa
South Africa--Port Elizabeth
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1943
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1943
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Frank Batten
aircrew
navigator
training
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/1246/16370/MNealeETH1395951-150731-029.2.pdf
252c042d00e2b493da37aa9f0a83472a
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Neale, Ted
E T H Neale
Description
An account of the resource
123 items. The collection concerns Edward Thomas Henry Neale (b. 1922, 1395951 Royal Air Force) who served as a navigator with 37 Squadron in North Africa, the Middle East and Italy. The collection contains his training notebooks from South Africa as well as propaganda leaflets dropped by the allies in the Mediterranean theatre.
The collection also contains a photograph album, navigation logs and target photographs.
The collection has been loaned to the IBCC Digital Archive for digitisation by Alison Neale and catalogued by Barry Hunter.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015-07-31
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Neale, ETH
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Astro Observation Exercise Book
Description
An account of the resource
An exercise book kept by Ted Neale with his observations and calculations used in astro-observations, No 19 AN, 42 Air School, Port Elizabeth.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ted Neale
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1943-08-23
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
One printed exercise book with handwritten calculations
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Text. Training material
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
MNealeETH1395951-150731-029
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Royal Air Force
South African Air Force
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
South Africa
South Africa--Port Elizabeth
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1943
aircrew
navigator
training
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/1246/16368/MNealeETH1395951-150731-027.1.pdf
f663b4628fa0f7f77f422c78987bf79a
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Neale, Ted
E T H Neale
Description
An account of the resource
123 items. The collection concerns Edward Thomas Henry Neale (b. 1922, 1395951 Royal Air Force) who served as a navigator with 37 Squadron in North Africa, the Middle East and Italy. The collection contains his training notebooks from South Africa as well as propaganda leaflets dropped by the allies in the Mediterranean theatre.
The collection also contains a photograph album, navigation logs and target photographs.
The collection has been loaned to the IBCC Digital Archive for digitisation by Alison Neale and catalogued by Barry Hunter.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015-07-31
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Neale, ETH
Transcribed document
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading.
Transcription
Text transcribed from audio recording or document
[underlined] London. [indecipherable word/number] [/underlined]
G.P. – S.36941 – 1942-3 – 50,000. S.
S.A.A.F. Form 619
S.A.L.M. Vorm 619
[inserted] Rough Notes, [/inserted]
S.A. AIR FORCE.
S.A. LUGMAG.
EXERCISE BOOK
OEFENBOEK
FOR USE IN
VIR GEBRUIK BY
AIR FORCE TRAINING SCHOOLS.
LUGMAGSKOLE.
[page break]
[blank page]
[page break]
SBS MK VIIA & IXA
COURSE [underlined] SETTING [/underlined] BOMB SIGHT
MARK [underlined] 7A [/underlined] & [underlined] 9A [/underlined]
Air Speed Range MK 7A 70-180mph 9A 100-240
Wind Speed Range 7A 0-60mph 9A 0-70mph.
[missing letters]emy Speed Range 7A 0-40K M 9A 0-50K
[missing word] range (White Scale) 3000-20,000ft for 7A & 9A
(Red Scale) 6,000-14,700 for 7A & 9A
[underlined] Cross level bracket [/underlined]
[underlined] [missing word] of Parts [/underlined]
[missing number] Draft Wires (14) Flight Bar
(2) Drift Bar (15) Flight Bar Catch
(3) G/S Slider (16) Flight Bar knob
(4) Foresights (17) Flight slider
(5) W/S Bar (18) Flight scale – 13
(6) W/S knob (19) back sights
(7) A/S Bar (20) W/Gauge bar & cursor
(8) A/S know (21) Drift Scale.
(9) A/S Drum (22) Spirit levels
(10) Enemy Direction Ring (23) Bearing Plate
(11) Enemy Direction knob (24) Bearing Plate [missing word]
[missing number] Enemy Speed Bar (25) Wind [missing words]
[missing number] Enemy Speed Bar knob (27) Compass [missing words]
[page break]
(28) Bombsight Catch Knob G/S
(29) Terminal Vel Scale G/S 50-390 [missing number]
(30) Terminal Vel lever
(31) Terminal Vel Knob
(32) Pencil Holder
(33) Pencil Sharpener
(34) Positioning lug
(35) Transverse bush
(36) Drift Bar Extension (Mark 1X only)
(37) Compass Corrector Box
(38) Auxiliary Drift Wire
(39) Auxiliary Drift Bar
(40) Auxiliary Drift Scale
[underlined] Cross level Bracket [/underlined]
Spigot
Lateral Lever control Wheel
Fore & Aft Lever control Wheel
[page break]
[text upside down]
Preliminary call is used when two stations have not been in contact with each other for a considerable length of time, also used when first opening up a station. The prelim call is also used before transmit of long message.
[underlined] Ordinary Call. [/underlined]
An ordinary Call consists of the commencing sign [symbol] the call sign of receiving station sent once, V meaning from, followed by the [missing word] stations call sign sent once ending sign AR.
[symbol] PT6Y V NSC +
Used when two stations have been in contact recently, it is also used in normal working.
Answers to Above Signals
Carry on Sig Srting
VE N3CVPT6Y K4+
[symbol] N3CNPT6Y R2-X261+
Receiving Strength [deleted] Don’t Combine [/deleted] INCREASE S.S.
[/text upside down]
[page break]
[blank page]
[page break]
SIGNALS [indecipherable word]
Below 30 K/S VLF Very Low Frequency
30-300 K/S L/F Low Frequency
300-3000 K/S M/F Medium Frequency
3-30 M/CS H/F High Frequency
30-300 M/CS VHF Very High Frequency
[underlined] Aircraft callsign [/underlined] is 3 letters 1 figure [inserted] (PTGx)
[underlined] Ground Station [/underlined] call sign is composed of 2 letters, 1 figure (N3C)
[underlined] [indecipherable word] of calls [/underlined].
[underlined] Preliminary Call [underlined]
[missing word] preliminary call consists of the commencing sign VE, the call sign of the receiving station, sent twice, the letter V meaning from & then the Transmitting stations call sign is sent once. The ending sign is then made as AR down on paper and a + sign.
[symbol] PT6Y.PT6Y.V N3C,,+
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Ted Neale's Rough Training Notes
Description
An account of the resource
An exercise book kept by Ted Neale with notes recorded during his training at the Air Force Training School.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ted Neale
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
One booklet with handwritten notes
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Text. Training material
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
MNealeETH1395951-150731-027
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Royal Air Force
South African Air Force
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1943
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
South Africa
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1943
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Steve Baldwin
aircrew
navigator
training