1
25
72
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/1816/32152/MMonksMA152996-170323-08.2.jpg
bc6baeacf8300102ccdb3179d6740585
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Monks, Maurice Arnold
M A Monks
Publisher
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IBCC Digital Archive
Date
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2017-03-23
Rights
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This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Identifier
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Monks, MA
Description
An account of the resource
39 items and a subcollection of eighty-one items. The collection concerns Flying Officer Maurice Arnold Monks (152996 Royal Air Force) and contains documents and photographs. Sub-collection contains photographs taken while he was training in Canada. He flew operations as a bomb aimer with 166 Squadron and was killed 13 June 1944.<br /><br /> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/show/2023">Monks, Maurice Arnold. Photograph album</a><br /><br />The collection has been donated to the IBCC Digital Archive by Hilary Megget and catalogued by Nigel Huckins.<br /><br />
<p><span data-contrast="none">Additional information on Maurice Arnold Monks</span><span data-contrast="none"> is available via the</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":200,"335559740":276}"> <a href="https://losses.internationalbcc.co.uk/loss/116453/">IBCC Losses Database.</a></span></p>
<p><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":200,"335559740":276}"> </span></p>
Transcribed document
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading.
Transcription
Text transcribed from audio recording or document
Rosemary Senior School Boys’ Dept. 24. vii. 1936.
Maurice Arnold Monks has attended this School since September 1933 – during which time he has done excellent work in every class, especially during the past School year in the top class.
He is intelligent and diligent, taking a genuine interest in his work – he has shown outstanding ability in Mathematics, English, & Art – only this term he has gained a scholarship to the School of Art.
He has capably fulfilled the duties of a School Prefect during the past year. He is of cheerful disposition, most reliable & punctual, & should, in my opinion, prove an asset to those whose service he seeks.
I wish him every success.
(Signed). R Humphreys.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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City of Lincolns Education Committee School report
Description
An account of the resource
For Maurice Monks a school report that he had done well in most subjects and performed well as school prefect.
Creator
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A Humphries
Date
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1936-07-24
Format
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Printed card with handwritten entry
Language
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eng
Type
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Text
Identifier
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MMonksMA152996-170323-08
Coverage
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Civilian
Spatial Coverage
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Great Britain
England--Lincolnshire
England--Lincoln
Temporal Coverage
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1936-07-24
Publisher
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IBCC Digital Archive
Rights
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This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Contributor
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Gemma Clapton
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/911/27003/MKilleenKAL184115-170703-09.2.jpg
3f1b33282f808fdadff675a88539e31c
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Killeen, Kenneth
Kenneth Alfred Leonard Killeen
K A L Killeen
Description
An account of the resource
20 items. An oral history interview with Flying Officer Kenneth Killeen (b. 1922, 184115, Royal Air Force), his log books, photographs and documents. He flew operations as a navigator with 115 Squadron.
The collection has been loaned to the IBCC Digital Archive for digitisation by Kenneth Killeen and catalogued by Barry Hunter.
Publisher
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IBCC Digital Archive
Date
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2017-07-03
Rights
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This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Identifier
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Killeen, KAL
Transcribed document
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Transcription
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SLIP TO BE HANDED TO EACH OFFICER AND
[underlined] AIRMAN ON DEPARTURE TO RELEASE LEAVE [/underlined]
1. On Form 2520/118 (Officers) and Form 2520/9 (Airmen) it is stated that a CIVILIAN CLOTHING WARRANT has been issued to you.
2. That does NOT refer to Civilian Clothing Coupons but to Form 2520/117 (Officers) and Form 2520/15 (Airmen) which you sign in the Clothing Store, and which is retained there when you receive your Civilian Clothing.
3. You Must apply to your Local Food Office for your Civilian Clothing Coupons whilst you are on Release Leave.
4. RETAIN THE SLIP to produce at your Local Food Office.
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Title
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Release Leave Slip
Description
An account of the resource
A slip to be used on leave .
Format
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One typed slip
Language
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eng
Type
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Text
Text. Service material
Identifier
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MKilleenKAL184115-170703-09
Coverage
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Royal Air Force
Publisher
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IBCC Digital Archive
Rights
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This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Contributor
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Gemma Clapton
aircrew
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/497/10707/BCopusPJCopusPJv.1.pdf
3b4590afce6b1c8ba1a3d4a0cfb2e9a3
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Copus, Jim
P J Copus
Copus, James
Publisher
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IBCC Digital Archive
Identifier
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Copus, PJ
Description
An account of the resource
Nine items. Two oral history interviews with Warrant Officer Percy James Copus (1922 - 2016, 1430308 Royal Air Force) who flew operations as a mid-upper gunner with 97 Squadron. The collection also includes photographs of himself and family, and account and maps of his last operation of the 27 March 1943 on Frankfurt, when his Lancaster was shot down and he became a prisoner of war.
The collection has been donated to the IBCC Digital Archive by James Copus and catalogued by Nigel Huckins.
Date
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2016-02-24
Rights
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This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Transcribed document
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading.
Transcription
Text transcribed from audio recording or document
A few minutes before 7 o’clock in the evening of 22nd March 1944 I took off on my last operational sortie as the mid-upper gunner of Lancaster OF-P ND351. By the end of that night I was a prisoner of war having bailed out of the aircraft as it fell crippled and burning, the victim of a German night-fighter.
This is the story of that night and the year in captivity that followed..................
[Hand written signature] W/O James Copus 97 Sqn. POW STALAGLUFT 1. 2011. Love from Daddy. [/hand written signature]
[page break]
TARGET – FRANKFURT
By P.J. Copus
An extract from 97 Flight Operation Records 22-23 Mar 1944 :-
TARGET – Frankfurt Lancaster III OF-P ND351
P/O R.E. Cooper, Sgt. F.S. Witcher, F/Sgt. McFayden, Sgts. H. Lunt, H.A. Smith, P.J. Copus, R.R. Hinde.
Op 18.50 aircraft missing (4 x TI, 1 x 4000lb, 2 x 1000lb, 600 x 4lb incs, 40 x 4lb incs).
TARGET AHEAD!
We have made our turn to the south of Hanover at 18,000 feet. The target, Frankfurt, is now directly ahead of the aircraft and already burning. My attention is elsewhere, however. The Flak, which we can do nothing about anyway, has stopped, a sure indication that fighters are up. An “own goal” by the Flak crews would mean a double-quick transfer to the Russian front. Any night-fighter attack will come from the rear of the aircraft. Only the rear gunner and myself, the mid-upper turret gunner can offer return fire and so we are a fighter’s primary targets in the hope that he can silence our guns and finish off the aircraft without risk. We are well-aware that the odds are stacked heavily in his favour:
each of our Lancaster’s four Merlin engines produces a double row of exhaust flames
we have shiny turrets which can reflect any stray light
the fighter pilot can quickly re-position his aircraft to improve his view of anything suspicious whereas we have a full bomb-load and can only manoeuvre very gently for fear of tearing the wings off the aeroplane!
Should we be spotted then we [italic] must [/italic] see the slender, head-on fighter profile he gets within range, a very tall order indeed considering that we have to search all that volume of the night sky within our range of vision to the rear of the aircraft. Our rifle-calibre machine guns mean that the best we can hope for, should we be attacked, is to put the fighter pilot off his aim or maybe even make him break off his attack and perhaps lose us again in the darkness. However, since it is possible that the fighter was equipped with radar that he used to find us a second time. In an exchange of fire, we are at a severe disadvantage since the fighter has 20mm cannon as well as machine guns and the resulting weight of fire exceeds our own. Taking all these factors into account means that our chances of survival depend almost entirely on the size of the night sky which although apparently empty contains our friends and our foes in unequal proportions; there are many more of the latter, ground-based as well as airborne, who are as determined to prevent our
[page break]
reaching the target as we are to get there. The element of surprise is no longer a factor. Other aircraft in front of us have already released their bombs and the target is literally sprinkled with fires. The fighters will be more concerned with preventing additional attacks than shooting down aircraft that have already bombed. The chances of being seen in silhouette against the ground fires by a fighter pilot increase as we draw nearer the target. Our course, height and speed were all fixed before we took off in order to reduce the chances of not only of a collision over the target but also of bombs falling on aircraft flying at a lower level. In spite of these precautions, instruments inevitably have minor calibration tolerances and variations of a few hundred feet are number of occurrences is impossible to quantify since survivors of such an eventuality are improbable.
It is as well that we are all too preoccupied to think too carefully about the multitude of situations quite apart from enemy action that could kill us in the blink of an eye.
THE BEGINNING
Our training as a complete crew had involved many 8-hour flights around the UK almost always at night on what were primarily navigation exercises. However, their indirect purpose was to get us all functioning as a team. Apart from that we gunners were just along for the ride. On completion of training in Lancasters we were posted to ....... a Stirling station! In that remarkable manner which it seems only the Military can achieve, we had been wrongly directed and no-one knew anything about us. Our pilot, F/O Cooper told us to stay put and that he would arrange something. He disappeared for two days. On his return he announced that he had fixed us up with a Pathfinder Squadron, No.97.
This is how, one day in late December, we arrived at Bourn in Cambridgeshire. Only a fortnight previously, on the night of 16/17th. December, known as “Black Thursday”, Bomber Command has experienced its worst bad-weather losses of the war, a tragedy which cruelly emphasises the fact that the enemy lurks not only in human form. We were posted to Bourn as a contribution towards making up 97 Squadron’s share of the losses.
THE ATTACK
That night 22nd./23rd. March no-one saw the fighter, a Messerschmitt Bf110, in time. His first attack was probably at the end of a gentle climb from behind and below. The climb reduces the speed differential that the fighter needs to catch the target thereby avoiding the risk of an overshoot or even a collision. This tactic also meant that the bulk of the Lancaster on top of which I was sitting, hid the fighter from my view and even the rear gunner’s view downward is restricted enough to hide the approaching fighter. In any event that initial attack knocked out the hydraulics which operated the turrets. I was then in the embarrassing position of being able to do nothing
[page break]
but watch the ‘110’ flying alongside, straight and level, slightly below us and 200 to 300 metres off our starboard wing. The ‘110’s relative position enabled the gunner, facing aft in the rear of the cockpit to fire bursts from his machine gun with zero deflection into our fuel tanks and number three and four engines. The results were exactly what one would expect; both engines burst into flames. Some of his rounds, passing within inches of my head shattered my turret at about the same time as our pilot ordered over the intercom “Prepare to abandon aircraft” and then very quickly afterwards “Abandon aircraft”. All members of the crew acknowledged the order including the rear gunner who by some miracle had survived the initial attack. The bomb-aimer jettisoned the bomb-load. We were on our way down, both starboard engines blazing furiously.
THE ESCAPE
I tear off my oxygen mask, intercom leads and harness and folding my small seat upwards and out of the way manage to drop from my turret into the aircraft’s fuselage, where it is pitch dark. Although we gunners wear the parachute harness at all times in the aircraft, there is no room for the parachute pack itself in any of the turrets and my own is stored on the port side of the aircraft, aft of my position and opposite the rear fuselage hatch. It takes only a few seconds to find my parachute and clip it onto the harness. The rear hatch is now my emergency exit and I begin wrestling with the release handle. The door is jammed! More determined wrestling. The handle breaks off in my hand! I now have to scramble forward virtually the whole length of the Lancaster’s fuselage encumbered by parachute, heavy flying suit and boots. In pitch blackness! Although the entire fuselage is extremely confined and packed with equipment, this is nothing compared to the gymnastics required to wriggle over the wing-spar. All this must be achieved in the dark making sure that the parachute’s rip-cord does not get snagged and cause premature deployment and with the knowledge that at any moment the aircraft could steepen its dive, suddenly flip into inverted flight or simply explode as the engine fires touch off the fuel tanks in the wing. It is also possible that the fighter could attack again. Any chance of hiding in the night is now gone, our demise highlighted by sheets of flame. There are numerous other scenarios none of which is likely to improve our chances of survival. I dismiss these thoughts and continue floundering towards the under-nose hatch, now the only means of escape. The hatch is in the very forward part of the aircraft and access to it is achieved crawling under the pilot’s instrument panel to the right of his seat. The manoeuvre can be likened to crawling through the knee-hole of a writing desk. The pilot is still at the controls. I can see him clearly. This forward part of the aircraft is illuminated by way of a hole in the fuselage and indicate that I am about to go. He nods briefly in acknowledgement. There appears to be no-one else in the aircraft because I am able to walk upright towards the nose, still in pitch darkness of course, until I simply plunge feet-first through the open hatch! None of us is well-prepared for the experience which follows. Training for bailing out had been limited to little more than a few minutes’ jumping from a bench in the gym and attempting a landing-roll. After all, we all knew for certain that it was only some of the
[page break]
other crews who would have to face the experience. That sort of thing happens only to the other chaps..........
This night, however, it is not the ‘other chaps’. It is us. Our lucky mascots, our youthful confidence in ourselves and each other, our training, all now useless. What happens next is uncharted territory!
The slipstream seizes me and whirls me around furiously and noisily. During one of my violent gyrations, I catch a glimpse of the aircraft as I free-fall away from it. I have kept hold of the ripcord handle and knowing now that I am well clear of the aircraft, haul on the handle. The parachute explodes out of the pack as the airstream seizes it. The opening shock is immediate and extremely violent and I am wrenched into an upright position, completely winded and in some considerable pain from the contraction of the parachute harness. The sudden peace and quiet is extraordinary. The only noise is my own laboured breathing. I am hanging apparently nearly motionless. It is cold. Very cold! We were flying at 18,000 feet when attacked and I imagine the aircraft was down to 15,000 feet when I bailed out.
Surprisingly, my all-consuming thought is that it will take a long time to get back home from this operation!
[photo from R.A.F. Museum’s Lancaster September 2010]
The descent takes an enormous but unquantifiable amount of time. I know the ground will be covered in snow and therefore easy to see. Straining my eyes I can see a vague brightness below. I brace myself and wait for the shattering crash of the landing. Nothing happens! What I take to be the ground is a thin layer of low cloud. Just cloud. As I begin to relax a little, comes the landing; surprisingly gentle. I am in a ploughed field covered with snow. My only injury is some bruising and scratching on my face as a result of pitching forward on impact with the ground.
[page break]
To borrow the Germans’ own favourite expression in these circumstances “For me, the war is over.”
A PRISONER OF WAR
The field in which I had landed was only yards from a row of houses. Their occupants were on me immediately I landed and I was dragged into one of the houses amid much shouting and bravado. It was widely known that German civilians were not exactly welcoming towards aircrew who fell into their hands and I was very nervous about the whole situation. They shoved me into one corner of the room. My ‘chute has been gathered into an untidy bundle and was dumped beside me. In the other corner were grouped a cross-section of the neighbourhood. They were gesticulating and shouting at me in unintelligible German. Some of the shouting, however, needed no translation! In the circumstances I did not feel at all like a ‘Terrorflieger’ as the Nazis called R.A.F. bomber crews. Some young wide-eyed children were among the crowd. As a gesture of goodwill I took some chocolate from my flying-suit pocked and offered it to them. They recoiled hastily, either not knowing what it was or suspecting it was poisoned perhaps. To prove it was safe I ate a little myself and returned the rest to my pocket but the atmosphere was tense and I hoped that some sort of authority had been alerted and would remove me before something unpleasant happened.
Fortunately, the civil police (they were referred to as ‘gendarmes’) arrived promptly and I was hauled off on foot to the local police station where I was thrown unceremoniously, without food or water, into a damp cell in which the only piece of furniture was a bed. There was not even a blanket. I attempted to sleep but it was extremely cold. In an attempt to keep my feet from freezing I managed to squeeze both into one flying boot.
At some point during the night I was dragged out of the cell and upstairs to an office where I was confronted by the local Bürgermeister (Mayor). There were, he told me, the bodies of several aircrew in the mortuary. If I would tell him the names of my crew he would let me know if any of them were among the dead. I felt unable to cooperate in this ‘kind offer’ which was, of course, a fairly transparent ruse to get more information out of me. My response was perhaps equally transparent but served well enough to show that I knew what he was up to. The crew I had been a last minute arrangement as a substitute. However, I added helpfully, I would be prepared to go to the mortuary and point out anyone I recognised. This offer was refused and I was returned promptly to my cell.
In the morning, after an extremely uncomfortable night, I was brought a cup of ersatz coffee and unidentifiable to eat. Shortly afterwards I was dragged out of the cell and outside where a horse cart was waiting. Surprisingly my ‘chute was returned to me and as I flung it
[page break]
into the cart saw Lund, the bomb-aimer, already aboard. He had a leg wound. As I started to climb up into the cart with him, I was pulled back and told that I must walk along behind thus presenting the entire populace who had turned out to watch, with another opportunity to shout and scream abuse as we plodded slowly through the town.
We arrived eventually at some sort of holding area, a single room in an official building into which we were directed. Shortly, after, Lund was taken off to hospital. My parachute was not returned to me and I imagine provided some luxury under-wear for a “Hausfrau” or mistress somewhere. It was not for many years that I discovered that the rear-gunner, Ron Hinde, whom we all knew as “Slick”, although he had acknowledged the order to bail out, had been killed. Exactly what had happened remains a mystery. Clearly something had gone wrong after his acknowledgement of the order to bale [sic] out. As I had discovered there was ample capacity for The Unexpected! The aircraft crashed in woodland outside Hanover and Ron Hinde is buried in Hanover War Cemetery.
It appeared that when the holding areas reached a certain number of inmates, they were moved out for transfer to a permanent camp (Stalag). The first step in the transfer process was to get to Frankfurt. Accompanied by two guards, I was shoved onto a train and began the two-day trip. Progress was very slow, the timetable upset by Bomber Command’s constant rearrangement of the rail network! The guards were pleasant and pointed out landmarks along the way. During one of halts one of my guards announced that he was going to get some water. In due course he returned and sat down, sipping at his water bottle. After a while he offered me the water bottle. “Wasser?” he asked. I took a gulp. Schnapps!
Thus I was delivered to Frankfurt station where a large number of weary and disconsolate aircrew were already gathered. The station was a mess! There were hardly any buildings standing, just several platforms. I did not feel the need to point out that this had been our handiwork! We were crammed into cattle-trucks, thirty per truck. We had no idea where we were going or how long the journey would take. We travelled day and night. There were occasional stops when we were given food and water.
Three days later we arrived at Stalagluft 1.
[page break]
[Sketch of location and layout of camp]
The POW camp, Stalagluft 1 was close to the Baltic coast near a town called Barth. There were British and American aircrew there numbering nearly 10000 in total. The days were spent walking about, playing football perhaps, talking, reading. There was a lively black market trade based on Red Cross food parcels. It was not unknown for the guards to join in, running the risk of joining short-sighted Flak crews and other defaulters in Stalingrad!
It can be imagined perhaps that for young men used to an active, adrenalin-fuelled life, the resulting boredom was a particular form of torture. The reader must remember too, that we had no idea no long this would go on and how it would end. One of the original inmates of the camp had been shot in the middle of September 1939 only a few weeks into the war. How were we new arrivals to know that our own confinement wouldn’t be just as long..... or longer!?
[page break]
[photo of the camp]
But for the resilience of youth and the comradeship, it would have been easy to fall into hopelessness and despair.
One of the first people I met on entering the camp was a chap who had been on the same gunnery course as me on the Isle of Man. A fortnight after my arrival, our pilot F/O Cooper turned up. Although I was unaware of it at the time, he had been wounded in the back when we were shot down and had been in hospital since that time.
The most senior German officer whom we saw regularly during his “rounds” of the camp was a Major Mueller. He was a decent chap, clearly one of the “old school” bearing a duelling scar across one cheek. He was not above joining in and on one occasion, after watching some Americans fencing; took over one “foil” (actually a stick) to show them how it was done. Of course, the camp was run entirely by the Luftwaffe, much preferable, we all felt, to Wehrmacht personnel who not doubt gave their prisoners a much harder time. There was the empathy of airmen albeit on different sides.
The Germans routinely produced their version of The News riddled of course with propaganda: a rain of V.1’s and V.2’s had reduced London to rubble: the Wehrmacht was pushing the Red Army back into Russia: an attempted Allied invasion had been thrown back into the sea while a German invasion was imminent and so on. Fortunately we had our own sources – the BBC via an illicit
[page break]
radio hidden somewhere in the camp. It was not therefore entirely unexpected one night, 30th April 1945, after we were locked up as usual, all the Germans fled! We already knew, as they did, that the Red Army was approaching. We were not overjoyed at the prospect of being liberated by the Russians and were somewhat concerned by what might happen. Had we known then what is known now about how the Russians sometimes handled these situations, we would have been even more concerned!
LIBERATION
For some days after the departure of our guards the only signs of our liberators were in the distance. In the meantime our own officers advised us not to venture outside the camp confines. Free to explore the entire camp we discovered a hoard of Red Cross parcels which the Germans had stopped distributing since December. This windfall allowed us to celebrate in some style. The Russians’ eventual arrival was marked by an hour-long speech , delivered in Russian by a senior officer. Since hardly anyone understood a word we were obliged to follow the speaker’s lead and applaud or cheer at what seemed to be suitable pauses in his oratory. Thereafter we saw very little of the Red Army, a situation which suited us very well!
It was two weeks before we were picked up. Our removal from the camp had been expedited we found out much later, by the highest possible authority. The Russians had apparently revealed that they intended to move us all to Odessa from where we could be shipped home. Or so they said. The British and American Governments did not believe at least the latter part of this stated intention and the mission to pick us up was put together in something of a hurry and without consultation with our liberators. The suspicion was that the Russians intended to hold us hostages to improve their bargaining position when it came to dividing up the spoils of war.
We were marched in batches to the airfield on the southern outskirts of the town. On the way we passed within yards of the perimeter of a concentration camp. The occupants did not appear “liberated”. It is probable that they had simply swapped one captor for another. We knew of the existence of this camp because several of the inmates having presumably escaped in the chaos after the Russians’ arrival had turned up at the gates of our camp begging for food and sanctuary. To have rendered any form of assistance, not that there was much we could have done, would have meant the end of all of us had the Russians discovered that we had helped them.
I returned to England in a USAF B-17. We were eventually taken to Biggin Hill where we were told that none of us would fly again with the R.A.F. and given two weeks’ leave to make up our minds whether to stay on or not. In a “Land Fit for Heroes” there was little on offer in the way of employment and so I elected to stay on in the R.A.F. and chose[sic] to join a transport unit. Here I learned to drive and acquired my driving licence which stood me in good stead for my eventual transfer to “civvy street”.
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Target Frankfurt
Description
An account of the resource
Account of Jim Copus's last operation to Frankfurt during which his 97 Squadron Lancaster was shot down by a Me 110 night fighter. Includes the task of air gunners, the engagement by the night fighter which disabled all hydraulics including those to his turret. His difficulties in escaping from the aircraft, parachuting and capture by hostile civilians before being handed to civil police. His treatment as a prisoner and his journey to prisoner of war camp at Stalag Luft 1 at Barth. Life in camp, liberation by the Russians and repatriation by United States Army Air Force B-17 to England. Includes photographs of Jim Corpus as a wartime airman, prisoner of war and at the RAF Museum in 2010 as well as one of the prisoner of war camp. In addition there are hand drawn maps of north Germany and the Baltic locating Barth and a diagram of the Stalag Luft 1 camp.
Creator
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James Corpus
Format
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Eleven page printed document
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Text. Memoir
Map
Photograph
Identifier
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BCopusPJCopusPJv
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Royal Air Force
Royal Air Force. Bomber Command
United States Army
Civilian
Wehrmacht. Luftwaffe
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Germany
Great Britain
Germany--Frankfurt am Main
Germany--Barth
England--Kent
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1944-03-27
Publisher
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IBCC Digital Archive
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Gemma Clapton
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
97 Squadron
air gunner
aircrew
B-17
bale out
final resting place
Lancaster
Me 110
prisoner of war
RAF Biggin Hill
RAF Bourn
shot down
Stalag Luft 1
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/986/10490/EHampsonTDWhybrowI460519-0001.2.jpg
a18a820beb4db77e884ddbe37df3fd4f
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/986/10490/EHampsonTDWhybrowI460519-0002.2.jpg
ff378a671fcc2de9f68b3f992bd7b623
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Whybrow, Frederick
F H T Whybrow
Description
An account of the resource
49 items. The collection concerns Flight Lieutenant Fred Whybrow DFC (1921 - 2005, 1321870, 170690 Royal Air Force) and consists of service documents, photographs and correspondence. After training in the United States, he completed two tours of operations as a navigator with 156 Squadron Pathfinders. After the war he served in Japan and Southeast Asia. He was demobbed in 1947.
The collection has been loaned to the IBCC Digital Archive for digitisation by Anne Roberts and catalogued by Barry Hunter.
Publisher
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IBCC Digital Archive
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2016-09-26
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Identifier
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Whybrow, FHT
Transcribed document
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Transcription
Text transcribed from audio recording or document
BLUE MEADOWS
FREDONIA, KANSAS
May 19, 1946
Dear Mrs. Whybrow,
The thot [sic] of a visit by Fred thrills us. We request you help make the thot [sic] a reality. Your letter telling us of Freds [sic] plan was received a couple of days ago and following only a day or two a conversation in our home, which I think will be of interest, and which developed about like this.
I was in the orchard at Blue Meadows, the thot [sic] that struck me and very real, Fred Whybrow is going to show up for a visit and soon. Upon returning home so real was the impression from this that I mentioned it to Mrs. Hampson. She said, ‘Isn’t that strange? I had the same thot [sic] and started to mention it to Frances, and then didn’t.’ Frances in another part of the house and hearing her name mentioned joins us. We repeat. Frances said, ‘Wouldn’t that be just grand. I hope he does.’
[page break]
In these few words Frances spoke for all of us.
Imagine our delight, Mrs. Whybrow, when two days latter [sic] Mrs. Hampson received your lovely letter, which among other things, told of Freds [sic] plan to visit us on his way home.
We are expecting him and while he is here we will demonstrate to Fred not only is, ‘There no place in the world like England,’ but also there is not another Fredonia Kaus.
Of course we don’t know Freds [sic] schedule. Necessity may change his schedule and his plan. We hope not.
Our family has planned a vacation beginning July 15th for thirty days in Glacier National Park. This is in the state of Montana and only a few miles south of the south Canadian border. We would be most pleased to have Fred share this vacation with us. We have ample cabin reservation and it is one grand place for vacation, rest relaxation and fun, it has everything.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Letter to Mrs Whybrow from TD Hampson
Description
An account of the resource
The letter refers to a proposed visit to their house by Fred. The end of the letter is missing.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1946-05-19
Format
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Two handwritten sheets
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Text. Correspondence
Identifier
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EHampsonTDWhybrowI460519-0001,
EHampsonTDWhybrowI460519-0002
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Civilian
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
United States
Kansas--Fredonia
Kansas
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Contributor
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Gemma Clapton
David Bloomfield
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1946-05
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
T D Hampson
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/518/8750/ALaphamR160714.2.mp3
c830f4b5d78390ca0c3d9cc24f156c80
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Lapham, Rosemary
R Lapham
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Identifier
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Lapham, R
Description
An account of the resource
100 items. An oral history interview with Rosemary Lapham, the daughter of Roy Chadwick, family correspondence, congratulations on being honoured, personal documentation as well as photographs of family, acquaintances and aircraft. The collection also contains a thank you letter from Barnes Wallis to Roy Chadwick and a note from Arthur Harris to Robert Saundby about the in-feasibility of the Eder Möhne and Sorpe operation, some conceptual aircraft drawings and other mementos.
The collection has been loaned to the IBCC Digital Archive for digitisation by Rosemary Lapham and catalogued by Nigel Huckins.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015-06-22
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Transcribed audio recording
A resource consisting primarily of recorded human voice.
Transcription
Text transcribed from audio recording or document
DE: So, this is an interview with Rosemary Lapham. My name is Dan Ellin. It’s for the International Bomber Command Centre Digital Archive. It’s the 14th of July 2016 and we’re in Shropshire, near Shrewsbury. So, Rosemary, could you tell me a little bit about your early life and about your father?
RL: Oh yes My father was the eldest of five children and and he was born in 1893. Aircraft were still a dream. His father was an engineer. He worked United Alkali Company, and as little boy the idea of flying was his passion. Aircraft were just a dream and it — he would be ten years old before the Wright Brothers made their first flight. Well, I like to think of him as stick and string. The sweptback wing, which was the first — the shape of the first — of the last aeroplane that he designed.
DE: How did idea — his ideas develop in his childhood?
RL: Well, as a boy he continuously sketched and the story goes that he was often in trouble with the choirmaster. He had a good voice and sang in the choir at the church, and he would be caught out sketching during the vicar’s sermon. And at home, he started to make model gliders, and later on he made an elastic driven model aeroplane, and he told me that for a long time these models wouldn’t fly, and he had to go out at night because friends used to sympathise with his mother about her strange offspring. But she used to help him, and she cut up old silk blouses and covered the wings, and eventually when he was about fifteen he had some good results. And he was very proud of his model that made a long flight, and the story goes that he was out in the dark and a lady was — and her escort were coming along and she saw this strange object circling round the gas lamp, and ran off screaming. It was a while before my father dared to rescue his model but then he was waylaid anyway by the lady’s escort.
DE: So, can you tell me some more about his sketches and doodles?
RL: Well, all through his life he constantly sketched as a child, and then when I was a little girl I would see him — always he had this silver propelling pencil, that he was never parted from. It was always in his hand. And I would come down in the morning for breakfast, in the margin of the newspaper, we took the Manchester Evening News, would be covered with drawings, and even the cigarette cartons would have drawings and calculations on. He would be doing the crossword puzzle and probably listening to the evening news and then he would suddenly stop and start sketching. He enjoyed a film at the village cinema, and he very occasionally would read an exciting novel. I suppose because — I do remember the names of them in a book case, but I don’t think he did a lot of that. But apart from his work and the family, he didn’t have any hobbies. Apparently he used to tell other budding designers, ‘You won’t need anything to occupy your spare time. You won’t have any.’ I would say that he had great artistic flair and interestingly to me it was to realise that all the calculations for these complex aeroplanes were designed before the age of computers. It was the age of the slide rule and the pencil.
DE: Can you tell me how he came to be at Avro’s?
RL: Yes. That’s interesting. Um, it’s interesting. He left school at the age of fourteen and he was apprenticed as a draughtsman at Westinghouse at Manchester. That – Westinghouse became MetroVicks, where they made all the Lancasters and so in the war. Then in 1911, he would be just eighteen and he was desperate to get into aeroplane design and he went to Brownfields Mill in Manchester where A V Roe and Company were situated. And Alliott was in London, he was designing airplanes, and Humphrey, his brother, ran this mill with this — ran, ran the — design centre and put these design into production. And he took Roy on and he was allowed to start a — open a drawing office. And he had a motorbike and he would go down to London and collect the designs that AV was doing and then he would bring them back and translate them into production drawings for AV to use in his [pause], in his workshop. And, he obviously was very clever. He — after a couple of years, at the age of twenty, he was invited to give a paper on aeroplane construction to the Huddersfield Engineering Society.
DE: Are there any other records?
RL: Er, well. [chuckle] One of my favourite historical photographs — I think it’s fascinating. It’s an aeroplane — that’s it — an aeroplane on a horse and cart with cloth cap men running on either side supporting it from falling off and then running along a cobbled street in Manchester taking it out to Woodford where they would fly it. With a — and a woman peering out curiously from behind lace curtains.
DE: I think, yeah. I think that photograph’s at the Woodford Heritage Centre. How did design develop during the First World War?
RL: Well, all through the First World War my father worked with Alliott Verdon Roe on the 504, Avro 504, and the subsequent designs leading up to the 533 Manchester bomber. Alliott was his mentor and he was very fond of Roy and became like a father to him. And then in 1919, Alliott made him Chief Designer and he remained as Chief Designer until he died in 1947 – till Roy died in 1947.
DE: Can you tell me a bit about the 1920 crash?
RL: Oh. Well, my father had designed and built an aeroplane himself. It was called the Avro Baby. There’s a lovely photograph of him with this aeroplane on his twenty-sixth birthday in 1919. Now the following January, and it’s something you wouldn’t do really in those days, an acquaintance came to see my grandfather and he said that his wife wouldn’t give him any peace until he went to beg Roy not to fly again. She’d had a vivid dream that Roy would be very severely injured in a bad air crash, but that he wouldn’t be killed. But, that many years later, there would a second accident and he would be killed instantaneously
DE: So what —
RL: And that’s exactly what happened.
DE: So what did happen then?
RL: Oh, he, he went up in the Baby that day, and my mother said that he hadn’t worn his flying coat but he was also recovering from ‘flu. Anyway he backed – he blacked out and when he came round he was at tree top level and crashed into the vicarage garden. The vicar was Alliott Verdon Roe’s brother, Everard. OH. Connected. Er, my father was very badly injured, and later his own doctor who believed in his flair took him to London to see Arbuthnot Lane. He was later knighted for his work, Sir Arbuthnot Lane. He performed the first experimental bone grafting operation, and later he carried the x—ray pictures of Roy’s operation and that of another er, patient [background noise] in his wallet. And as a child, I can remember my father showing me the screw marks up his leg, and telling me [laughs] when it was going to rain. I suppose it hurt him in those days — when it was going to rain.
DE: What happened to you father in the twenties and thirties? [background noise]
RL: Well, there were air races and private flying and then we had the beginning of commercial airlines. Now in 1928, Avro’s had a Chief Test Pilot called Bert Hinkler, famous name, and he made a record—breaking long distance solo flight to Australia in the aeroplane that my father designed for him especially, and it was called the Avion. A special interest, I think for the Centre’s records, is that in 1921 my father adapted his Avro Baby especially for Shackleton to go to the South Pole. It was the Avro 554 and it was called the Antarctic Baby. It had folding wings, and for stowing away on board ship and had other technical special things for flying in that area. But sadly Shackleton died of a heart attack on the journey and so the Baby wasn’t used at the Pole. However, after the Second World War, when my father was designing a long distance maritime aeroplane, it was named Shackleton, in honour of Sir Ernest.
DE: So what was your father like as a parent?
RL: Oh, well apart from aviation, the family was really the most important part of his life. I remember him — er, he, always arriving home, he’d come through the door with a - every night with a cheery whistle and he sang a great deal. He was always singing. Especially when we went in the car anywhere, and he created wonderful imaginary games. They were real and full of fun. Great fun. He cheered everybody up.
DE: What sort of games did he play? And did have special names or anything for you?
RL: Yes, er, we had — we were two children. His name was Biggy. Big Boy. And I was Osie for Rosie, and he created these imaginary friends. We had a friendly Indian and a dog that ran on three legs. And when he came home at night, in the evening from work he would bring me messages when he came in. Once — one of them — one time was to have a flight in an Avro Anson as a birthday treat and I remember too — particularly being taken out in the car. And, when we were in the car it became a balloon, and he would tell me about the places that we were flying over. But one day, we took an imaginary passenger with us. She had an evocative name. It perfectly described her personality. She was called Miss Spillikens [?] and she poked her umbrella through the balloon. So we had a floating descent. Then when I was sixteen, I was asking him to — I asked him to draw in my autograph book. And he drew this balloon with Biggy and Osie waving in the basket below. And he wrote at the side, Just to remind you my dear of the happy times of Biggy and Osie. He was a wonderful father. You’ve got it on the t-shirt.
DE: Yes, we’ve got t-shirts of that. Of that picture, yes. Were there — were there any other jokes?
RL: Yes, he, he — everything was a good joke at home. The small garden was an estate, and then there was a little wall that went around the flower beds near the front door, and that would be the Great Wall of China.
DE: Do you remember going anywhere as a family?
RL: Well, there were seaside holidays. We used to go to North Wales. And on Sunday mornings we went to church in the 1930s before the war. And Christmas was always special, and I do remember at the age of five hearing the voice of George V, and we all stood up for the national anthem. And my father, I can remember him telling us that we would see this broadcast on a screen which in the future which seemed an amazing idea. We used to visit the Lancashire Derbyshire Gliding Club at the weekends. My sister was eight years older than me, and she went up in a glider. I think I’d have been a bit scared. My father and Roy Dobson, who was Managing Director at Avro’s were the Joint Presidents. They use to take the Presidency of the gliding club in turn.
DE: Can you tell about the time Avro’s took you to the theatre in Manchester?
RL: Yes, Alliott and Humphrey Verdon Roe had a tradition of something — doing something special for the employees at Christmas time. And when I was about six or seven in the 1930s, we went to the Palace Theatre. I don’t remember what the panto was, but George Formby was on the stage. And the words of a song came down on a sheet, and George Formby looked up and said — asked, ‘Would the little girl in the box sing the song for us?’ ‘Oh yes,’ says I jumping up. ‘No problem.’ My father did sing with me and I expect the Avro families would be amused. Anyway George, George Formby sent me a box of chocolates in the interval, but because I don’t like chocolates the family ate them. But I’d sung the song. [chuckle]
DE: So you, you were nine when the war was declared?
RL: Yes. The — we’d all gone as a family for a month to Filey. My father was working, of course, but he would come at the weekend. And I can do — I remember my mother and sister having great excitement over the newspaper headlines because they’d had the initial Manchester test flight which was a success. Then I remember when we got home, Sunday the 3rd of September, my mother went to church. And my father, sister and I were waiting for the broadcast at 11 o clock. And afterwards he looked at me and said, ‘Now you will have to be a very brave little girl.’ And, of course, I didn’t know what that could mean. A year later, 1940, we went to the Lake District for a week’s holiday. And it was dark and we couldn’t find the place. And, we slept in the car on the side of a road. And in the morning my father and sister went off and they found the little cottage Folk Tarn House [?]. It was — I wonder if it was Beatrice Potter farm. It was Beatrice Potter country — country, and my father and I were talking — my husband and I were talking about this recently. And, I wonder whether he was looking for somewhere to send my mother and sister and I for safety at the height of the Battle of Britain.
DE: You also had some stories to tell about the cellar?
RL: Ah yes. It was quite a big cellar with passages and a couple of larger spaces. We lived about ten miles from Manchester, and when the sirens sounded I’d be woken up and we’d all go down. But fairly soon the beds were moved down and big posts were put to support the roof. And, I can remember being quite scared. I didn’t like the idea of being buried within the cellar. Other members of the family came to stay from Southampton. And at — this, this is funny. Outside my father had sandbags put all along the walls and he had two single walls of sandbags put up in the garden to protect us from blast, but there was a thunderstorm and they all fell down. [laughter]
DE: And so were, were you near a potential target to be bombed then?
RL: Well, we were a couple of miles away from Ringway airfield. After the war, Ringway airfield would developed into Manchester Airport, but in the 1940s you could cycle there, and watch the aeroplanes and all the activity on the airfield from the road. And Dunham Park was near my school and it became an Italian prisoner of war camp. And I remember we, we — you could go along the pavement and look through the wire, and the Italians had built a beautiful Italian model village on a mound. People would go to see it. The war was a demarcation line in my life. I suppose it was for everyone at that time.
DE: Hm, yeah quite. Do you remember people coming to see your father?
RL: Yes, um, occasionally people came for dinner, but the conversation would be over my head, but I do — I knew all the names of the design team. They were very familiar.
DE: Do you remember some the places your father visited?
RL: Yes, he, he went a lot to London. He was going to the Air Ministry a great deal. He would go on the midnight train from Manchester, Manchester Central Station, and he would also go to all the various airfields. He even went to Avro Canada and the USA during the war in 1943, and he went to Wings for Victory Campaigns. But all the time it was design and twenty-four-seven work.
DE: You had a story you told about King George and Queen Elizabeth.
RL: Oh yes. The King and Queen came to the factory at Chadderton during the war, and they came twice. They came to Chadderton and they came to Woodford. That was the Avro aerodrome where everything took place. And my father sat with the King in the cockpit of a Lancaster. And they talked about flying experiences in the Avro 504 during World War I. And I do remember that my father said, ‘The King speaking personally, one-to-one, hadn’t have a hint of a stammer.’
DE: Do you have — do you have any other stories like that?
RL: Ha. Well, my father really enjoyed life. He, he enjoyed chatting. He noticed people. He recognised people very quickly. One day he was walking along the street in London and a Rolls Royce drew up at the traffic lights. And he glanced and he saw that it was Queen Mary. So took his hat off, and bowed low and the Queen waved in acknowledgement. [chuckle]
DE: What do you recall of Guy Gibson and 617 Squadron, Dambusters?
RL: Well, my sister remembered Guy Gibson, meeting him personally. But I was only twelve and I don’t remember any newspaper accounts of the Dambuster Raid. But when the awards were announced, there was great excitement at home and I suppose then, I would realise the significance. My father was made a CBE for the design of the Lancaster, and for the adaption of the raid. There was a lot of adaptions went on and they had to do it very rapidly. They only a few weeks in which to do it. For me [emphasis] the big event was going to London and having dinner on the train. That was exciting. My father and sister went to the — my mother and sister went to the award ceremony at the palace. And I watched the Changing of the Guard through the Palace railings. But afterwards, we went for lunch, and the only thing I can remember about that is thinking that the restaurant name sounded so romantic. It was Minarets on Half Moon Street.
DE: Did you have any other relatives in in the forces or who were involved in the war?
RL: Yes, my father’s brother Alan lived in Africa and he was in Burma all through during the war after the Abyssinian War. And I had an uncle that escaped at Dunkirk, and another one was at — on D-Day and the liberation of Paris. He, he took supplies to my mother’s cousin, who was married to a Frenchman. She and her French family, er, survived in Paris during the war. And my sister was engaged, and her fiancée survived the Battle of the Atlantic. The Arctic, he went to the Arctic-Russian convoys, and then he was torpedoed in the Mediterranean. When he was torpedoed, he survived forty-eight hours in the sea, er before he was picked up on a lifeboat, and then they were about a week before they reached North Africa, and er — yes that’s all I remember about that.
DE: You’ve already told me your memories about the start of the war, can you remember what you were doing on VE Day and VJ Day?
RL: Well, by that time I was away at school in Derbyshire in 1945. We didn’t see newspapers and we didn’t hear the radio broadcasts, but we did know that the end of war was coming. And I don’t recall any announcement or celebration but I do remember that we had a great sense of relief. I did anyway. I have many cards dating back to 1940s. My father wrote to me every week and I’ve got a special letter telling me about, in 1946, flying to Paris for the Paris Air Show Aeronautical Exhibition at the Grande Palais. He flew in the Lancastrian Neme, a jet—propelled airliner. Sir Frank Whittle had designed the jet, and my father says in the letter, ‘That he is proud to be the designer of the first jet-propelled airline — airliner to fly between two countries. And the return flight was made in forty-nine minutes.’
DE: Hm.
RL: He met aeronautical celebrities in Paris, talked about modern aeroplanes and engine design and development. Gave talks to the press, went to government parties at Villa Cubla [?] aerodrome, and he writes in the letter to me that Paris looked – looks much the same as ever. Not as badly damaged but as in England a coat of paint would improve things.
DE: Did you ever visit Woodford aerodrome after the war?
RL: Yes, I remember going to Woodford in 1947, and we looked at the Tudor II. And my father talked about an even larger aeroplane that he was designing. And I can remember thinking, ‘That’s impossible.’ It would have eventually have become the Vulcan. Actually, I think it’s amusing to hear a BBC recording from 1945, which I think you gonna have at the centre.
DE: Hm-hm
RL: It asks — the interviewer asks Roy, ‘How many passengers can the Tudor I can take?’ And he replies, ‘It can take twenty-four but we prefer to take twelve on a long distance flight. The seats go up and down. They go down into banks. There are dressing rooms for the ladies and gentlemen, and electric cookers for meals.’ The speed of technology and change is amazing. My father’s asked about the future of engines, and he says, ‘The future lies in turbines.’ And he laughs, ‘We may even get into rockets.’
DE: Can you tell me about the dream you had, and about the watch?
RL: Yes, it was a blazing hot summer day in 1947. It was — blazing hot summer. I was away at a camp and was due to go home. I’d been asked if I’d like to stay on. They’d got extra places, but I had one of those vivid waking dreams. Very vivid, just before you wake up and you remember what you’ve dreamt. I was standing on the side of a road with my father and a huge aeroplane appeared, and it crashed in front of us. And he said, ‘You’ll have to leave school. We’ve lost all our money.’ And I was so upset when I woke up, I caught a train and went home straight away. And I suppose after the three, three-hour journey I’d calmed down and I didn’t mention it. But three days later, on a Saturday morning, my father was about to go to the aerodrome and he asked me if I’d like to go with him to watch the flying. But I had to help my mother and do the Saturday shopping. So my father asked me then what I’d like for my seventeenth birthday the following week. It’ll seem strange now days not to have a watch, but I asked if I could have one. And, naively I said, ‘One with little sparkly diamonds all around it.’ And I remember him looking seriously at me. He said, ‘I could certainly have the watch, but I’m not sure we can run to the diamonds.’ Then he walked round the garden with my mother, and he did something he’d never done before, he got out the car and came back to kiss her goodbye for a second time. And later, my mother and I were having lunch, and I told her that I’d been into the jewellers and I’d seen a little stainless steel watch. And she got up and went out of the room and then I heard her scream. She’d telephoned to ask him to buy the watch on the way home, but the accident had already taken place.
DE: One last question Rosemary, how do feel about how Bomber Command has been remembered and the centre that we’re building?
[beep]
RL: The dedication and the commitment of International Bomber Command Centre, and the generosity of so many people has created an amazing and very special memorial for all of Bomber Command. And the digital archive is a wonderful historical record for future generations to explore. Personally, I’ve been talking about Roy Chadwick through a child’s eyes but as a family, it’s a great honour that my father’s place in aviation history will be remembered in the Chadwick Centre.
Dublin Core
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Title
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Interview with Rosemary Lapham
Creator
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Dan Ellin
Publisher
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IBCC Digital Archive
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2016-07-14
Type
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Sound
Identifier
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ALaphamR160714
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Pending review
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This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Description
An account of the resource
Rosemary Lapham is the daughter of Roy Chadwick CBE, the designer of the Manchester and Lancaster aircraft. She tells her father’s story. Her father was born in 1893 and when he left school at the age of fourteen he became a draughtsman at Westinghouse in Manchester. Her father was always drawing and sketching, and was fascinated by aeroplanes and their designs. He moved onto A V Roe and by 1919 was their Chief Designer. Rosemary describes life during the war, including air raids and the crash that killed her father in 1947.
Contributor
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Gemma Clapton
Language
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eng
Coverage
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Civilian
Spatial Coverage
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Great Britain
England--London
England--Manchester
England--Lancashire
Temporal Coverage
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1920
1921
1928
1940
1943
1945
1946
1947-08-23
Format
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00:36:21 audio recording
arts and crafts
Chadwick, Roy (1893-1947)
childhood in wartime
crash
entertainment
George VI, King of Great Britain (1895-1952)
home front
Lancaster
Manchester
memorial
perception of bombing war
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/498/8388/PCoultonWA1608.1.jpg
15510534c70ff503e12c0b6afc5bca75
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/498/8388/ACoultonWA161020.2.mp3
cd9c3d503ae278ab9f2db39c0cf651f9
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Coulton, William Arthur
William Coulton
W A Coulton
Arthur Coulton
Publisher
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IBCC Digital Archive
Identifier
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Coulton, WA
Description
An account of the resource
Six items. The collection concerns William Arthur Coulton (b. 1925, 3050209, Royal Air Force). He served as an engine mechanic at RAF Witchford and RAF North Luffenham before being posted overseas to Palestine. Collection includes an oral history interview, some artworks, a wedding photograph and a photograph album.
The collection has been loaned to the IBCC Digital Archive for digitisation by William Arthur Coulton and catalogued by Nigel Huckins.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2016-10-20
Rights
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This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Transcribed audio recording
A resource consisting primarily of recorded human voice.
Transcription
Text transcribed from audio recording or document
CB: My name is Chris Brockbank and today is 20th October 2016, and we are in Freemantle Court, near Stoke Mandeville, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire and we’re with William Arthur Coulton who’s going to tell us about his experiences in the RAF on the ground. So Arthur what are the earliest recollections that you got of life?
AC: The earliest – Twyford, at Twyford, the village of Twyford in south Derbyshire. Yes, I – the fourth, three or four – yes – south Derbyshire.
CB: That’s where you lived?
AC: That’s where we lived, we lived in the the holdall [?] of south Derbyshire Twyford had been put into two two houses. Yeah, two residence. Went to school, the village, the little village school, well a matchbox school I went back some years ago to see the place and I was surprised how small the school was. Yes. And we left, we left Twyford. My father worked, a farm worker and he got a job in Ash— Ashford or near Ashford. We went to live up there and he had the misfortune to get gored by a bull and he, he never worked the bulls for four years, and that that finished his farm working, and then he went to work in the foundry of all places. Yes, yes. [Background noise]
CB: And then where did you go from there?
AC: Where where did, where did the – we went to live at Holbrook in Derbyshire. Yes, ‘cause its two Holbrooks you know? One in Lincolnshire, and my parents stayed there for the rest of their lives. And actually I’ve got a young sister still lives in Holbrook and from there I joined the air force.
CB: When when did you leave school?
AC: 14.
CB: At 14?
AC: Yes.
CB: And what did you do then?
AC: When I left school? I went to work for Derby Co-op. Yes, I went as errand boy at Derby Co-op. and I stayed with Derby Co-op until I was 18, joined the air force. Yes.
CB: Why did you join the RAF and not one of the other services?
AC: To be quite honest, you want the honest there?
CB: Yeah.
AC: I didn’t want to be gun fodder. I didn’t want to join the army. I didn’t want to be in the front line. That’s me being honest about it.
CB: That’s good.
AC: Of course, I was in the ATC, so you automatically you got the preference to go in the air force and I enjoyed the air force. I trained as a flight mechanic. I –
CB: Where did you join up?
AC: In 1943.
CB: Where?
AC: At Birmingham. That’s where I went through the details, at Birmingham, and when I joined up from Birmingham we went to – oh, we went to Cardigan [?] and we got issued with our uniform at mob office yes. And then I got – where’d I go then? I got posted to me square bashing at Skegness. When they told me I was going to Skegness, I asked me Sergeant if I had me bucket and spade. He said, ‘You won’t have a chance to use it.’ [Chuckle].
CB: He said it a bit more bluntly than that though?
AC: Pardon?
CB: He said it a bit more bluntly than that.
AC: Yes. Yes yes. Yes he did.
CB: You horrible little man.
AC: Yeah I was a horrible little man.
[Shared laughter]
AC: Yes. I I — do you know Skegness?
CB: Yes.
AC: Imperial Hotel? I know that place very well. That was our mess hall and I know what the cellar was like. I got fatigues down there more than once. [Laughter]. Yes. I was a bad lad, I got caught you see. The policy is that do anything you like as long as you don’t get caught. That’s the —
CB: That’s a cardinal rule?
AC: Pardon?
CB: It’s a cardinal rule.
AC: Yes.
CB: Yes.
AC: Yes. I got caught several times.
CB: Right.
AC: Yeah, I was —
CB: So what did you learn there? When you weren’t misbehaving.
AC: What did I learn? I was trying to find out how I could get away with it. You know to find the loopholes. [Chuckle]. Oh dear. I didn’t do too, too bad. No.
CB: So what did the course, this is a training course, Initial Training Wing, this is the training wing —
AC: Square bashing.
CB: Yeah.
AC: You know, up and down, marching like a lot of silly hooligans. Yes, and what they call the Commando course running around in a woods there with barbed wire, yeah and that, and one of you had to lie on it while the others run over you. That wasn’t very comfortable – you had to take it in turns. Yeah. You lay on barbed wire. Not very nice
CB: No.
AC: Yeah.
CB: What was worse the barbed wire or peoples feet on your back?
AC: I would say people’s feet on ya. Yeah.
CB: Okay, so what else did you do?
AC: Yeah. They put —
CB: They —
AC: They put — and that was at Skegness that was, where we did the training. And then we was what you was going to be, you was sent to them them units. And first of all they sent me to Newcastle-on-Tyne of all places. And I was there on me own, with you know, I didn’t go anyone else. Then I went on my own to Weston Super Mare to Lockheed, you know that?
CB: I do know. But just quickly what did you do at Newcastle-on-Tyne? What was the purpose of that?
AC: Just — just waiting patiently.
CB: A holding unit?
AC: Yes.
CB: Okay.
AC: Yes. Then I went to Lockheed and I did me engineering course there.
CB: How long did that last?
AC Pardon?
CB: How long was the Lockheed course?
AC: Erh. Was it? Was it 16 weeks? I think it was. I’m not certain now and then we went to — was posted and I was posted to to Newmarket. And the engineer — the sergeant said to me, ‘Where you going?’ I said, ‘Romney Marsh [?], Newmarket.’ He said, ‘You’re going to a holiday camp.’ I said, ‘As good as that?’ And it showed me how good it was. [Laughter]. It was it was — You couldn’t beat beat Newmarket. It was lovely.
CB: That was on the racecourse then was it?
AC: On the racecourse, yes.
CB: So, what was so really special about it?
AC: Pardon?
CB: What was really special about it?
AC: Well, you could just say. Freedom. You know you was in the forces but you had a free life like. Yes. And our billet was a Nissan hut in Frank Buttress’[?] paddock, one of his paddocks. There was about 12 Nissan huts in there, and he didn’t mind you going round the stables, looking at the horses. I went round one day and a blinking horse — I — [unclear] all at was it nipped me. I I, well that’s the end of my life with horses. [Chuckle]. Yeah. But I liked Newmarket. That was a good station to be on. I was there 10 months and then they posted me to 115 Squadron at Witchford, Ely and I stayed there right to the end of the war. And I was on A and B aircraft as a flight mechanic.
CB: So you’re a flight mechanic, and A and B were the tasks that you did, so what were those?
AC: A and B was the two aircraft.
CB: Right.
AC: A and B and the number — what you call it — the code number was KO. That was the aircraft, KO. And we went to, when the war ended and I went to North Luffenham. Have you ever been there?
CB: I know, lived there.
AC: Pardon?
CB: I used to live there.
AC: Yes. I went to North Luffenham and I remustered into the MT [?] as a motor motor mechanic. And I stayed there for about four weeks, I think. And I was working on an American claptrap[?] vehicle. And a chap came along out of the distance and waving the papers and said, ‘You’re posted overseas.’ Well I said, ‘If that’s if that’s the case I’m packing up here now then going.’ And I went overseas. I went to Palestine and I was with 32 Squadron Fighter Squadron. Famous 32. Yes, and they had Spitfires but I was in the MT then and I worked in the vehicles, and we went into Jordan on exercises with the army and from there, went back there. Yeah I was demobbed. I got my demob come through while I was at there at Palestine. Was it? No. Sorry no. At North Luffenham that was where I got me notification of demob and I got demobbed. I went to work in the local garage.
CB: Where?
AC: Ely.
CB: In Ely?
AC: Cambridge.
CB: Right.
AC: Yes. And then I did five years in there.
CB: How did you come to do that in Ely when you were in from North Luffenham?
AC: What?
CB: Why did you choose Ely when you were stationed —
AC: I got married.
CB: — at North Luffenham?
AC: I got married. She come from Ely.
CB: Oh right. Sounds a pretty compelling reason.
AC: Yeah, I got a photograph of her there.
CB: Yeah, we’ll have a look.
JS: She’s lovely.
AC: Eh?
CB: We’ll look in a minute. Yeah.
AC: Yeah. I I was stationed at Witchford at Ely. You know the aerodrome. Witchford. That’s how I come to meet the wife and, of course, when I got demobbed, I went I lived in Ely, went to work at the local garage.
CB: Hmm.
AC: And I stayed there till one day a coal merchant who I knew quite well, he was only a bit older than me came in and asked me if I’d go and run a dairy business for him he’d bought. I mean all above all things from a mechanic to a dairy. I said, ‘Yeah I’ll go, Joe. I’ll have a go.’ And I stayed with the milk industry for 33 years and then I retired. Yes, I built up a good business. I amalgamated with another dairy. We we had a good business. We had nearly 6000 customers
CB: Hmm.
AC: We had quite a quite a business and, well, we had 14 men work for us.
CB: Hmm.
AC: Yes but I say we — that was hard work. It is hard working in the dairy trade. Yes.
CB: What’s the hardest thing about working in the dairy trade?
AC: Delivering the milk and satisfying the customers. Yeah you get a lot of dissatisfied people if you was a bit late. They never realised that they could have had extra milk and kept always had a bottle in hand. That’s what — there’s a lot of people like that. Yes.
CB: So you met your wife when you was at Witchford?
AC: I met her at Witchford.
CB: What was was she in the RAF?
AC: She was in the NAAFI.
CB: Oh was she, right.
AC: I was a canteen cowboy.
CB: What was her name?
AC: Hilda Elsie.
CB: Hilda and she was a canteen cowboy.
AC: That’s was that they called them you know. They called —
CB: Not cowgirl?
AC: If you was a NAAFI girl, you was a canteen cowboy. [Laughter] Yes.
CB: And was her tea any good?
AC: Pardon?
CB: Was her tea any good?
AC: Ehhhh. Not too bad. I did know one thing about it. I used to get egg and chips.
CB: Oh.
AC: The chaps used to say, ‘Where’d you get your egg from?’ I said, ‘Hilda brought for me.’ They said, ‘Will she get me one?’ They wouldn’t ask her. [Laughter] ‘Cause her parents got poultry.
CB: Oh.
AC: Yes. So I got egg and chips, I did.
CB: Interesting. So you settled down for the five years in Ely, but actually you continued in that area did you with the – with the milk?
AC: Yes. Oh Yes. Oh yes I continued in that area.
CB: Hm.
AC: But — and the dairy ran —we got progress — we got a bit of land and we build a dairy to — the purpose was to vehicles. And we had — eventually we had all electric vehicles. We had one electric vehicle that could 55 miles, around Cambridge doing 55 miles.
CB: Hm.
AC: Didn’t do —it was never more than 88 miles through the premises, but it got the capacity for 55 miles. Yeah.
CB: So what was the area that you were serving? It was Ely and the villages, was it?
AC: The villages, yes and Ely and surrounding villages. Yes.
CB: To what extent did you use your engineering skills —
AC: Kept the vehicles —
CB: — after the war.
AC: Kept the vehicles going.
CB: As well as running the business.
AC: Yes. Well I had a partners and I used to look after the vehicles. Yeah. I got a dab hand at the electric vehicles. Yes.
CB: Now, going back to the RAF when you went to your training at Locking [?], what did they do to train you from scratch to be an aero—engine mechanic?
AC: Yes. We we had in this big hanger, we had sections set off in bays and there was in our gang there was 15 of us. The the instructor, he was a sergeant who instructed us and he instructed us on engineering and I really really liked it there.
CB: So how many bays would they have in the hanger? Was there a different — did they do a different task in each bay?
AC: Of all the things what we had in the hanger, we had Blackburn Botha did you know about them?
CB: — Yeah. Blackburn Botha. Yeah.
AC: They got two of them. Yes. [unclear] Our job was to strip them and put them back again.
CB: Yeah.
AC: You strip the engine down. Rebuild it and put it back again.
CB: What were those engines? Were they radials? Or were they inline?
AC: Inline. Yes. Yes. Inline.
CB: And what other engines did they have as well.
AC: I I can’t think of what — a Sabre engine.
CB: A Napier Sabre?
AC: Yes. Yes. I can’t think what aircraft that was out of.
CB: That was off the Typhoon.
AC: Was it? I know it was a big engine.
CB: Yeah. 27 litres.
AC: Yeah.
CB: And did you have Merlins there or where was your introduction to the Merlin?
AC: Yeah there, but it was the early Merlin. The Merlin Mark I of all the things to teach us on. Yeah the really early — Christopher. Come from the Boar War I think. Yes.
CB: So, if you had — if there were these bays, you stayed in the bays did you, as a group of 15?
AC: Yes.
CB: And learned all the aspects of engine repair and maintenance. Is that right?
AC: Yes. Yes that’s right. We were instructed on it and you had diagrams and you drew diagrams, and — I can’t think how many was on there. But I but I really enjoyed it. I liked the job.
CB: It was a mixture of hands on and classwork was it?
AC: Yes.
CB: So, did you — you had a notebook that you kept?
AC: What?
CB: You had a notebook in which you progressed —
AC: Oh yes.
CB: — your training.
AC: Yes. I I, though I say it myself I think I was a good mechanic, but was I good? When I went into Civvy Street at the local garage at Ely. The first job the foreman said to me, ‘I want you to rebuild that engine there and put it in a car.’ And it was all in bits. And he’d re — it. So I rebuilt it. I’d never seen it before. It was all in tin boxes in bits. Yes. So I built it. I went [unclear], it went when I put it in the car. Yes.
CB: What was his reaction to that?
AC: Oh, he thought I was all right. Thought I was a good bloke.
CB: Yeah.
AC: Well, there’s there’s about 12 of us mechanics in the garage. Three of them were ex RAF men. Yeah so — we did all right.
CB: And in your training, you had this group with you, so the 15 in the bay, were they — did some of them move along with you or did everybody go to somewhere quite different?
AC: Yes. Two of them — went, when we finished, two of them went with me to Newmarket. One was named Chris Rudge [?] and I can’t think of the other ones name. But but this Chris Rudge [?] had a bad reputation. He — nobody liked him.
CB: No?
AC: Instead of calling you a ‘B’, he called you a ‘Got blood like Rudge.’ That’s what they used to say. Yes.
CB: Right.
AC:Yes.
CB: So he was the one who was disruptive, was he?
AC: Pardon?
CB: He was disruptive influence in the —
AC: Yes.
CB: — in the bay.
AC: Yeah, nobody liked him. No.
CB: And what was you classified as? You were cadets at that stage, what rank?
AC: No, we weren’t classed as cadets. I was a — I was a LAC. Yes I was LAC then and, of course, the flight mate can’t go any more than a LAC until he remusters [unclear]. That was my biggest mistake. I didn’t remuster. See If I had remustered —
CB: Why didn’t you remuster?
AC: I never thought I was — I was young and silly. See I I was 19 and I hadn’t got a clue what – I was young and silly. Yes. I regret it but never mind I learnt more when I went in the garage job. I had a good experience.
CB: What time of the year were you are Locking [?]
AC: Locking? [Pause] Yeah, autumn. Yes, ‘cause I went down Weston—Super—Mare. Had a girlfriend there and we walked round the Winter Gardens. Yeah, and it was autumn. Yes. That brought back memories that does. Cor she was half —
JS: [Laughter]
AC: Memories, eh?
CB: So she wasn’t in the Air Force?
AC: No, she was civvy girl. Civvy girl. Yeah.
CB: So, she showed you all the excitements of Weston-Super-Mare?
AC: Very. Definitely. Weston-Super-Mare there’s not much there.
CB: That you didn’t know about?
AC: Eh?
CB: That you didn’t know about?
AC: No [Laughter]
CB: Particularly, the places that were difficult to find you in?
AC: Yes.
CB: Down the pier?
AC: Pardon?
CB: Along the pier?
AC: How long was I there?
CB No, no the pier.
AC: Oh beer.
CB: Pier pier.
AC: Yes.
CB: And when you travelled, how did you get around from Locking [?] to Weston-Super-Mare? Did you walk, cycle or bus?
AC: [Mumble] From Locking [?] to Weston-Super-Mare it’s only two miles.
CB: Oh right.
AC: You walked. Yes. Yeah. Then you crept in — when you crept into camp you went through the hedge, the hawthorn hedge. That was — there was a gap and you crawled through it. You missed — you missed the guardroom then.
CB: Yeah.
AC: Naughty boys. [Chuckle]
CB: What was the accommodation when you were at Locking [?]?
AC: Pretty warm. Wooden purpose — built buildings. They had wood corridors from the rooms. You never went outside to get a wash, you went down these corridors to the ablutions. Showers. Was — as I say it was pretty warm building. Yeah. Locking, I understand the Fleet Arm have got it now.
CB: And when you went to Newmarket, what were you doing there? Was is it an extension of your training or what?
AC: No, I went there as a fully blown mechanic.
CB: Right. So what were you called then? Your title.
AC: [Mumble] I was LAC. Leading aircraftsman.
CB: But did you were an aircraft mechanic or were you a —
AC: Aircraft mechanic.
CB: And what aircraft were you on there? Was there a squadron that you were —
AC: Spitfires.
CB: Spitfires right.
AC: Lovely old Spitfire. We used — used to love to get in them and warm them up in the mornings. Oh that was the best bit about that. Squadron Leader West was the CO. There was only six Spitfires. Was only a little group of u, but we had a good time until he decided to post me and he posted me to Ely, Witchford —
CB: Yeah.
AC: — on Lancasters, and I always remember I went you went into see the CO and he said to me,: ‘What do you know about Merlins?’ That was it. And I said, ‘Well, I was on Spitfires.’ And he didn’t like that answer. He didn’t like it at all.
CB: ‘Cause he was a bomber man?
AC: Well, the Spitfire has got the same engine, ain’t it?
CB: Yeah.
AC: [Chuckle] He didn’t like it. So,I made an enemy with him first of all.
CB: How well did you adapt to the bomber activity?
AC: Ohh lovely. I had a good crew. I had a good — I was with a good mob. I was with a real good mob. We had a Sergeant [unclear] Wakeman [?] He was a real a real gentleman. He was he was a nice chap [unclear]. We called him [unclear] we didn’t call him Sergeant. So we know how how good he was. But, of course, the Air Force had a better relationship with everybody than they did in the army. Definitely. Yes.
CB: So were you on the flight line or were you in a hanger?
AC: I was on the dispersal ramp side.
CB: Right.
AC: Yeah. That was the best place to be to get the ‘flip-up’. Yes.
CB: So what what would get you the trip up in the aircraft? What what was the —
AC: Where’d we’d go in? Lancasters.
CB: No no. How did you manage to get the flights.
AC: Oh, we’d get one easy as pie.
CB: [Cough] For what reason?
AC: Just just as the crew said, as the pilot said, ‘Can I have trip up with ya?’ He’d say, ‘Get in.’ You weren’t supposed to but you get in.
CB: So why would he be flying at that moment?
AC: Pardon?
CB: Would he be flying for air test or cross country or what?
AC: Air test. Air test or — yeah, what’s it? Air gunners practice in the [unclear]. Yes. Oh, went up several times. Well well the — on dispersal when a Squadron Leader an Australian, Robbie, had — what ya got to do is say, ‘Robbie, can I come up?’ And he said, ‘Jump in.’ [Chuckle] You weren’t supposed to but we used to get in. He’d take one of ya. Two of ya. And then you — I got up to the front as a Flight Engineers seat to get a bit of practice. I thought it were quite nice. As I said, I enjoyed my life in the Air Force. I really enjoyed it.
CB: Yeah
AC: I wasn’t one of these that wanted to go home to mother. No. It it was nice. Yeah.
CB: What sort of routine did you have on the squadron?
AC: Maintenance.
CB: Yeah.
AC: Yeah just maintenance.
CB: But but what time would you get up? And were you on a shift or how did it work?
AC: Yeah it it – there was no such thing as shifts. You was all in a crowd. You know, you got —I think there was about seven of us in our mob. We had to look after two aircraft. Yeah, A and B. [unclear] What was that? And eh, what else was there? I was there I was there till the end of the war at Witchford and A carried a big bomb. You know the big 22000lb.
CB: The Grand Slam.
AC: Pardon?
CB: The Grand Slam.
AC: Yeah, the Grand Slam. That big ‘un. Yes. I carried that —
CB: So that was a modified Lancaster to make it fit?
AC: Oh yes, it it – the bomb bomb doors was differently. They lapped around the bomb.
CB: So who did the modification for that?
AC: [Unclear]
CB: You did it.
AC: No.
CB: On the airfield?
AC: No, I did it — the Air Force did it in the hanger [?]. And that was a pity, I never I never — I should have asked to have gone in the hanger to make it work. I would have learnt more. But, as I say, I was young and silly and having a good time at the dispersals.
CB: So on the dispersal, what were the tasks you had to do in a day?
AC: Main — maintenance on the engine. Yeah, giving a check over and that.
CB: So would you have a ladder for that or a gantry?
AC: A gantry. Yes, yes used to have a gantry. And, course you, you walked over, over the wings and that and you sat [unclear] screwing the tops in. Yeah, wasn’t weren’t supposed to — you were supposed to use the gantry.
CB: But but nobody fell off?
AC: [Chuckle] Well you know [mumble] when you change the engine at the dispersal. They used say ‘Put the fan on and then they’ll think we’re finished.’ That was the propeller.
CB: Yeah
AC: [Chuckle].Yeah.
CB: So, you could do an engine change at dispersal, could you?
AC: Yes, yes. We used to change them there.
CB: What would be the reason for changing an engine?
AC: If it got over heated. Yeah, ‘cause they got over heated and burned the aluminium. The heads, the rocker cover, the nuts be melted — be melted into the aluminium when it got hot.
CB: So what would cause the engine to overheat?
AC: Well, lack of coolant. Yeah.
CB: So, it would be damaged by flak or enemy attack in some way would it.
AC: Oh yes, if it was leaking. Yes.
CB: And what was the coolant on those engines?
AC: Drycol.
CB: Right.
AC: Yes. The bloke who used to be in the hanger working on the Glycol tank. He had to take him into the sick bay and pump him out because he was drinking the stuff. You know it tastes like pear drops.
CB: And it made him high?
AC: Pardon.
CB: And it didn’t do him any good?
AC: Didn’t do him any good. No. Didn’t do him no good, but it tasted nice you see. That was the reason.
CB: So on the flight line, you’re — the aircraft you’re prepare it for an operation.
AC: Yes.
CB: What was the procedure for handing it over to the crew? How did they know that it was working?
AC: Well, they’d be notified by phone that — yes. It was when they expected it. It always come up with the kit. Yeah, I mean I changed one day while they were waiting — waiting to take off, I changed the hydraulic pump on the inboard — the starboard inner while the other engines were running. Yeah, yeah I did [unclear].
CB: So had this engine been running earlier?
AC: Yes.
CB: So it was a bit hot was it?
AC: Oh, yes it was well hot. But as I say I liked my job. I enjoyed my life on it. I used to volunteer to do it.
CB: And what was the link between the ground crew and the aircrew?
AC: Very close. Very close. They was very, very close.
CB: And was there one crew member more than the others or any of the crew members?
AC: All the crewmembers were like — I was on A and B, and they was flown by an Australian Squadron Leader, Robbie. We called him Robbie, and he name was Robertson actually.
CB: Right.
AC: We called him Robbie. And he, he was all right with us. You see the ground staff and the aircrew they had — well a close—knit unit, didn’t they? They they relied on you. Yeah, they were very close to ya. There was no ifs or buts about it.
CB: So you talked about clearance for their aircraft mechanically before it flew, when it came back what sort of debriefing did you have with the crew?
AC: Oh, we didn’t have any debriefing with the crew. All they said was if anything was wrong and that was done and the NCO used to ask us what was on the Flight Engineer and then that’s what we got set into. Yes.
CB: Was the main link between the Flight Engineer and the chief, the crew chief or would it be the other member of the —
AC: The Flight Engineer and the ground staff, he NCO and the ground staff was always very close. Yes, they consulted one another.
CB: And how many times did the aircraft come back damaged?
AC: Oh, I couldn’t tell ya. There was a lot of holes in it at times.
CB: And how did you feel about that?
AC: How did I feel? [Emphasis] I had the job of patching ‘em. You see I was on engines but I helped to do the patching. Riveting of a patch. Oh yes, some aircraft got real patchy. Yeah.
CB: When you say real patchy were there a number of — what sort of damage did the aircraft have?
AC: Well it, it would be shrapnel. Shrapnel holes ‘cause they were jagged. We put — just put a panel of aluminium over them. Yes.
CB: And how did you secure the aluminium plate?
AC: Pardon?
CB: How did you secure the —
AC: Rivet them.
CB: Right.
AC: Yeah, pot rivet them. Yeah the old pot rivets. Yeah. That was that was a regular job that. Yeah.
CB: There was a case in 15 Squadron of a Lancaster coming back without the rear turret because it had been knocked off by a bomb falling from above. Did you see that?
AC: We had the — I dunno whether if you read about the rear gunner what bailed out, well he come from Witchford. He was at Witchford, he was on ‘C’ flight and he bailed out and he shouldn’t have lived. When they got back, they found they got no rear gunner. [Chuckle]. And he was a prisoner of war. [Chuckle]
CB: So what had happened to him then? Why did he get out and how did he do it?
AC: I think he heard the pilot prepare to — you know, to bail out and he only gone to bail out and he didn’t hesitate. He opened the door and went. [Chuckle].
CB: With or without a parachute?
AC: With a parachute, but I’ll you what you looked a little bit sick when you saw the aircraft flying above ya and going home wouldn’t ya? And you was going down into captivity. [Chuckle] Oh dear. It wasn’t very nice.
CB: What other good stories do you remember about being at Witchford and 15 Squadron.
AC: Oh yes. That was one of one of them that — rear gunner bailed out and he shouldn’t have done. We — I was on A and B and they’re good, they do a very good [unclear] and I said Robbie was a pilot on it. Australian. He later went to make a Wing Commander and he was in charge of the Squadron. Yeah Robbie. We called him Robbie, that was something about it weren’t he?
CB: Well you were an ‘Erk’.
AC: Pardon?
CB: You were an ‘Erk’ and he was a —
AC: We called him Robbie —
CB: He was a senior officer.
AC: Yeah. You called Robbie. He didn’t mind. Well that was that the spirit between the aircrew and the ground staff, wasn’t it?. [Background noise]
CB: Absolutely. So that you got A and B aircraft —
AC: Yes.
CB: — the two aircraft, what about the other pilot? What was he like?
AC: Oh well, we had different pilots. It was mostly a Scotsman who used to fly. He was all right, but we did have a South African and he got his South African Air Force uniform. Khaki, and he always flew with his hat over the top of his helmet. Yeah.
CB: [Laughter]
AC: Yeah, yeah he did. His name was Martin. He [unclear] was a Flight Lieutenant then. Flight Lieutenant Martin. Yeah. ‘Course we used to say he was dog biscuits, Martin Dog Biscuits, and we used to collar, collar the blokes when the NAAFI van used to come round. The officers were there and the aircrew used to collar them to pay for their tea. [Chuckle].
CB: How did you divide your time between the two aircraft?
AC: Well when we — if the aircraft had gone off you stayed in the the dispersal hut. You played cards. Gambled.
CB: No, but I mean that you had A and B aircraft, so how did you divide the work between them?
AC: Well you got to which either one it was. You went on, no matter which one. Flight Sergeant told you which aircraft you gotta do and you went on it. There was no difference. All, all I could say was B was a dirty aircraft . Oil leaks. You couldn’t stop the oil leaks. She used to leak oil all over the under cart. Yeah.
CB: So that was one of the inner engines?
AC: Engines yeah. Yeah. You naturally changed it.
CB: Right
AC: Yeah took the engine out. ‘Course the engines always went back to Rolls Royce at Derby.
CB: Oh did they?
AC: All the all the engines used to go back for maintenance. If you took one out that went to Rolls Royce. Yes.
CB: So one that you put in would always be new?
AC: Yes. Yes.
CB: And how long did it take to change an engine?
AC: About — I couldn’t truthfully say. Would I should imagine about four hours. Five hours.
CB: Taking one out and putting one in.
AC: Taking one out and putting all the connections in. Pipes and that. Yes.
CB: And was the engine raised by a lift? Or by a crane or how did it —
AC: We lifted them up by crane. We used to get, you know the, the coals —
CB: Coal cranes.
AC: We used to get him to come along and hook it up and hook it up and that’s how we did it. Just there’s only four bolts holding the engine in.
CB: Oh.
AC: That’s all that holds it in. So that the cradle, the engine’s on a cradle actually and they just pushed it in and put the four bolts in. Then you collected all the wires and hosepipes up, the pipes up. Yeah. Yes.
CB: Now in your quieter times and relaxation what did you do?
AC: Well, let’s say that I used to do a little bit of courting.
CB: Just one girl or more?
AC: Well, one or two but I ended up with one.
CB: Right.
AC: I married her.
CB: Fantastic.
AC: Yes. She a good girl to me. We was married for 52 years.
CB: Were you really?
AC: Yes. Yes she was good. She was the only child.
CB: And how many children did you have?
AC: One.
CB: Just David.
AC: Yes.
CB: Yes.
AC: I told them I’d lost the recipe. [Chuckle] [Shared laughter] Yeah. No, we only had the one.
CB: And they believed you?
AC: Pardon?
CB: And they believed you?
AC: Yeah. [Unclear]
CB: What would you say was the most memorable thing about your service in the Royal Air Force?
AC: Well comradeship was one of the best things, wasn’t it? There was something about during the war where you you was in a group of men and there was all youngsters like you. You know most of them was like all about 25 the oldest. That was a mess life, but it was a good life.
CB: And your accommodation at Locking was a pre—war shed, what did you get at Witchford.
AC: Nissan huts. Nissan huts.
CB: How many people in a Nissan hut?
AC: Twelve.
CB: And how was that heated?
AC: Heating was one of those combustion pot stoves in the middle. You know those cast iron things. You got nothing but fumes. I slept by the window at the end and I used to open the window but the lads didn’t like it, but if they come down and shut it, I used to get up and stop them.
CB: So, everybody suffered from the fumes.
AC: Oh yes, the stink of coke on the fire and the fumes was terrible.
CB: And even though you were all technicians you couldn’t stop the fumes?
AC: No, because they were all combustion stoves, you can’t stop it, can ya?
CB: What —
AC: Stinky things.
CB: What, what was it burning? Coke or coal.
AC: Coke. Yes. ‘Cause we’d run out of coke at one period and we managed to get some coke from the aerodrome from outside Bury St Edmunds. And I was in a gang of boys that went to shovel this coke onto the back of the truck to bring it back. Yeah. What a job.
CB: Did they did they notice that you’d nicked it?
AC: Pardon?
CB: Did they notice that you had nicked it?
AC: Yeah. Oh yes.
CB: [Laughter]
AC: Well we did nick it.
CB: How about the food? How did you feel about that?
AC: Well it just depends what camp you are on. Newmarket was a good, excellent. You couldn’t you couldn’t find fault in Newmarket, but Witchford was cruel. And I think the worse one — the worse one I think was Lockheed. It was — wasn’t anything special. They called themselves cooks but they weren’t anything special. No. Skegness. Oh yes, I forget Skegness. Now that was the worse. Skeggie was the worse food. We was at the Imperial Hotel that was our place and the food there was terrible. Absolutely terrible.
CB: And who were the people doing the cooking there?
AC: They had the people doing it.
CB: Civilians or RAF?
AC: RAF. It was all RAF. Yeah WAAFs cooking it. They’d have a couple of blokes probably and in charge was a Warrant Officer, and yeah that was terrible grub. And when we went to Witchford, we — I ordered — they supplied us, give us kippers for breakfast and they was off. They weren’t right. Everybody was throwing them away, and when the caterer – bloke came round, the officer came round and asked if there were any complaints. We said, ‘These kippers are rotten.’ He said he said, ‘They were in the mess. We complained about them in the officer’s mess.’ [Chuckle]. Oh, they were rotten things. I think the grub at Witchford was the worse one in the Air Force what I had. Yeah, definitely.
CB: So what was it that was so bad about it?
AC: It was the way it was cooked and presented. It was terrible. But the best place at Ouston, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne I was stationed up there. Now that was good. It was a trainer station that’s it and that was that was good there.
CB: So in today’s terms nutrition is very varied. There’s a huge choice. What did you actually have as a staple diet in the war as a ground tradesman?
AC: Well well, there was a potato, cabbage and you didn’t get peas that was a funny thing. See frozen peas came in after the war, didn’t they? So you didn’t get peas. We got cabbage, cauliflower, yes there was parsnips, carrots. I don’t eat parsnips. I think there are horrible things but —
CB: What about meat? What sort of meat did you get?
AC: Meat? I had beef. I reckon while I was in the Middle East we had camel. [Laughter] Yes. That’s what that was. That was stringy like. So, I reckon it was camel. Yeah. I brought back a lot of memories.
CB: Hm. That’s good.
AC: Pardon?
CB: And in your time off on the camp what did you do?
AC: On the camp? Time off?
CB: Yeah.
AC: Well well when you got your time off you didn’t stop off at the camp. You went out. You went out. I mean at Weston-Super-Mare at Lockheed there you’re supposed to book in at. Well we was bad lads you see. We came in late so we came through the hedge. [Chuckle]. Like real lads.
CB: But at Skegness because it was your initial training then you were more disciplined were you?
AC: Oh yes. Oh yes we had to off the street at 9 o’clock at night. Yes. I had the misfortune, I was eating fish and chips in the shop down there at Skeggie and these here two Military RAF police come by, saw me and it’d just gone 9 o’clock. He walked in, he said, ‘You’re not supposed to be out.’ They picked up my fish and chips, they took ‘em and told me to get back to the billet quick. [Chuckle] Rotten devils. I daren’t say nothing, dare I?
CB: It was a pity to waste them wasn’t it?
AC: Yeah, I daren’t say a dickie bird. Well, you see I was a raw recruit at Skeggie.
CB: Yes.
AC: Yes.
CB: So they kept you quite busy there?
AC: Oh yes, definitely. Oh yes. Yes. Marching up and down like a lot of hooligans and they took you on what they called an ‘Air Commando Course’. I could tell you, you had to go across these here three logs. Run across these three logs. Like — well like telegraph posts and they had barbed wire in the bottom of the water. So if you fell in it wouldn’t be very comfortable, would it? And you was with full pack and your rifle. I tell you what I didn’t like that. I run — when I got there I run over that. What they used to do, used to say, ‘Who’s the oldest in the mob?’ And I always remember there was a chap of 32. They sent him round, they said, ‘Right. Run round the [unclear] course.’ And they timed him and he told us we got to do it in that time. We — there was no slacking. If you if you didn’t do it in that time you’re sent round again. Yeah. So it wasn’t a holiday camp. Skegness wasn’t. No.
CB: Back onto the flight lines, so you’re working as an air mechanic, how did you link in with other people with skills like parachute packing, air traffic. Did you link in with people like that?
AC: We never come across the parachute packing and that. We never come across that. We we was more or less on the dispersal. I was just the crew there. You didn’t mix with any others. No. Well, you had —you was occupied. You was fully occupied. Then, of course, when the aircraft took off, you went out went out and got something to eat especially if it was night but you had a chitty and you walked into the messing hall, presented your chit and you got something. It was mostly egg and bacon. So we didn’t do too bad. It wasn’t too bad when it was night duty. It was quite good. Yeah.
CB: And when you did your initial training you had to do a lot of PT, how much exercise did they make you have on the airfields when you were serving there in the front line?
AC: We did get none. The only exercise you got your bike — your pushbike. You were given a pushbike and that was your exercise. Backward and forwards on the bike.
CB: So you got to dispersal on bikes.
AC: Yes. I had a Raleigh. My bike was. Yeah.
CB: How about NAAFI? How much did you use the NAAFI and what was it used for?
AC: The NAAFI? It was canteen, as I said I was a canteen cowboy. [Chuckle]
CB: Sometimes there was more attraction than others.
AC: Yeah, well I married her.
CB: Yeah
AC: I married the girl.
CB: Yeah, good move. So when did you marry?
AC: December the 1st 1945. Yes.
CB: And on that topic, before that you were de-mobbed, so what date were you de-mobbed?
AC: Well me de-mob leave went up to July, so I couldn’t tell ya exactly when I left the Air Force, but my de-mob leave ended in July.
CB: 45? [Loud background noise]
AC: Yes. And I got so fed with being at home I went to the local garage for a job and they set me on straight away. So I I was alright. Quite happy. Yeah.
CB: Right. We’ll stop there for a mo. Thank you very much.
AC: Okay, thank you.
JS: What’s that? [Background noise]
CB: Your wife was in the NAAFI but what about the other WAAFs? How much did airmen link with the WAAFs?
JS: Lots [Chuckle]
AC: Oh terrific. Terrific.
CB: Were there dances on the airfield?
AC: Yes yes. Well those at Newmarket there was a WAAF there ‘cause I hadn’t met the wife yet, and there was a WAAF there and she was a CO’s driver and she was, oh dear, she was a — and after I thought I’m gonna click here. So I so I got to know her well, but she was engaged. [Chuckle] She was engaged to a soldier. Yes.
CB: Soldier? Crikey.
AC: So I thought I was going to make hay but I didn’t. She was she was a nice girl. She came from Ilford.
CB: Oh
AC: That where she come from. Yes.
CB: So, these hangers were quite big and so you could get quite a good liaison behind the hanger in the evening could you?
AC: You could get three Lancs in there.
CB: Right [Laughing]
AC: If you if you — the bloke that drove the tractor knew how to manoeuvre them, you can get three Lancs in. That was quite good weren’t it?
CB: Yeah.
AC: To work on them.
CB: And then in time off, the you’d be behind the hanger.
AC: Yes. No, no I wasn’t one of them. I used to go down, I used to go down to Ely to go down the town. I used to go down with a lad named Maurice and we’d have a look around town and see if there were any girls there that we hadn’t met before. We was hunters. [Chuckle] It was a good laugh, wasn’t it?
CB: Yes, and so clearly, you had some good friendships there. To what extent did you keep in touch with old comrades after the war.
AC: Not, not so much. [Background noise] I had one chap, he came from Northampton I think he was one of the closest but at Ely I had — there there was a chap who’d been in the Air Force at Palestine. He lived at, he lived at Newmarket but he’d come to Ely. Yeah, come to look me up. Yeah, Freddie Claydon. Yes.
CB: So, what were the old times you were thinking about then? Being in Palestine? We haven’t talked about that, so —
AC: Palestine?
CB: What what was the routine there?
AC: Well, I was on the aircrafts. Would it? No. I was in the MT, didn’t I?
CB: Yes.
AC: I was in the MT and we had this here Warrant Officer Smudge Smith. He was — had a mobile office. And it was a metal thing and used to get terrifically hot inside. And Smudge, we used to call him. Warrant Officer. [Chuckle] I’ll tell ya, the Air Force had a good going with the, everybody else. We had an army boy. He he he was a batman to the army liaison officer with the squadron. He couldn’t understand how we got away with so much. He said: ‘I can’t get away like you do with the officers in the army.’ He said, ‘You RAF blokes, you’re not in the forces. You’re having the time of your life.’ We did. After I left square—bashing, I tell you what I never looked back. I didn’t write home to mother and say I wanted to come home. No.
CB: When you remustered what happened to your rank?
AC: Well, well, when I remustered, I was LAC. No, I stayed as a LAC ‘cause I couldn’t get any further until I took another course and I didn’t, that was me mistake. I should have taken took up [unclear] course. That was my mistake. That was the biggest mistake I made.
CB: In the desert in Palestine, were you in the desert or were you in a fairly well cultivated area?
AC: At a RAF station. At an aerodrome.
CB: Yes. Which was that?
AC: Pardon?
CB: Which one?
AC: I was at Ramat David, Ein Shemer, and Kalowinski [?] wasn’t it? Kalowinski. Yeah Ramat David, I rather like that. Ramat David. Yes.
CB: Was that because — why was that? What was special about that?
AC: Well we was on a bit of a hill and the Jews had got a nice vineyard and we used to raid it. We used to go get the grapes [chuckle] at night.
UNKNOWN FEMALE : Hello. Sorry.
CB: Hello. We’ll stop a mo.[Restart] So they’d got all these nice grapes but but the trees —
AC: The bushes.
CB: — the bushes, I mean to say.
AC: Yeah, well you just stand there and pull them off.
CB: So what did they do about that?
AC: Well, they didn’t do nothing ‘cause they couldn’t catch us, could they? We, we took them when they weren’t around. [Chuckle].
CB: What was the airfield, the bases was a well—established airfield, was it?
AC: Ramat David?
CB: Yes.
AC: That was, that was a, that was off the living quarters we weren’t on the living quarters were separate from the airfields. Well they had to be because the Jews used to go down and break glass bottles on the runways at night.
CB: Oh did they? Right.
AC: Right you see, you did your duties, I always got searchlight duty, and I had to maintain this searchlight and you’d whaff the searchlight round and you’d catch them. There they were breaking glass on the runways, yeah.
CB: So what, what —
AC: And we weren’t allowed to shoot them. We had to let them do it and in the morning we had to go and sweep it up. Yeah.
CB: And what was flying from that airfield?
AC: Spitfires and, err what was the American aircraft?
CB: Mustang?
AC: Mustang?
CB: Was it?
AC: Yeah Mustang. Yeah 208 208 Squadron had the Mustangs and 32 Squadron had the Spitfires. Yeah.
CB: So you were dealing with transport, what, what sort of schedule did you operate in a day because it was pretty hot in the middle of the day. So did you start in the —
AC: Yes the middle of the day. 12 o’clock you packed up. You packed up. Then you went back at 6 o’clock at night.
CB: So what time did you start in the morning?
AC: In the morning? 7 o’clock.
CB: And back at six till when?
AC: Yours — 7 o’clock till 12 o’clock but you had about — a break for a meal and then you went back at 6 o’clock at night till 8 o’clock. ‘Cause you didn’t do much — there weren’t much flying at night.
CB: So where — what could you do in you off duty times? Was it quite remote in this place?
AC: In Palestine the off duty time was very very sparse. We used to go down to Jerusalem and Nazareth. Yeah. Nazareth wasn’t too bad. Jerusalem was — Jerusalem was a holiday camp. The Jews used to pop you off when you went up the mountainside. Yeah.
CB: Just shoot you?
AC: Yeah pop at ya. Shoot ya. Shoot at ya. They had they had a crafty idea to go up to Jerusalem, on the bend of the road going up the hill mountain there, they built a pyramid of stones, so you go along the road and you’ve all a sudden you got this pyramid of stones in front of you. Then they they let go at ya. So it — Palestine wasn’t a comfortable place. No.
CB: How many people got hit?
AC: I couldn’t say. But I do — what was it? Was it six? Six airmen got shot at in Nazareth walking walking along the street by the alleyway a burst of gunfire, they got shot at. They got injured. Yeah.
CB: Did any get killed?
AC: No no.
CB: What about the —
AC: I was — pardon?
CB: Go on.
AC: I was there when the Jews blew up the front out of — the what was it called?
CB: The King David Hotel.
AC: King David Hotel. Yeah.
CB: Yeah.
AC: I was there then.
CB: Right.
AC: When they blew the front out.
CB: And what about the Arabs? Were they around or not it that area?
AC: Arabs? A funny thing was we got on well with them. We got well with the Arabs. I mean it was only later on that the Arabs turned because they didn’t get what they wanted. Well I couldn’t blame them. You see when the British forces moved out of Palestine like it was at our camp, Ramat David. The Jews was at the main gate when we was coming — gonna come out. They were waiting to go in and at the other side of the aerodrome there was the Arabs waiting to go on. So they had a fight. Well you know won, don’t ya?
CB: Hm.
AC: The Jews won.
CB: Yeah.
AC: The Arabs hadn’t got hadn’t got the ammunition and the guns like the Jews had. Yeah.
CB: So were you happy to leave or would you like to have stayed on in Palestine?
AC: I was really happy to leave. I was happy to leave. I didn’t think much of the place I can tell ya. No.
CB: Did you go on trips to other places in the area or did you stay in the camp?
AC: Oh yes.Yes, I was in the MT then, and we used to drive out to different places I was in I was near Damascus once, just on the outskirts of Damascus and we went all over the place, over the desert. One day we was off duty and the despatch rider said to be Geordie. He came from Newcastle, he said, ‘Arthur, I get— if I give you another motorbike,’ he said: ‘Shall we go out on the motorbike? In the afternoon, you see.’ So I said, ‘Yeah.’ So he got me an Indian motorbike? American Indian. Have you seen them?
CB: No.
AC: They’re like a Harley Davidson and he had the Harley Davidson, and we went in the desert and we had our revolvers and we were shooting at wild dogs until these wild dogs started to chase us. So we opened up and got out of the way. [Chuckle] It’s an exciting life in the Air Force.
CB: Clearly it was.
AC: I did enjoy it. I wouldn’t have missed it at all. I wouldn’t have missed it.
CB: Just going back to the wartime service at Witchford and Newmarket.
AC: Yes.
CB: Although you weren’t flying, officially, how many hours did you do in total?
AC: What flying?
CB: Hmm.
AC: I never took any recording — any record of it. If they were going up on air test, you say, ‘Can I come?’ and they said, ‘Jump in’ and you just jumped in. You didn’t get no parachute. So —
CB: Oh right.
AC: So you just jumped in. That was it.
CB: So where did you sit on take—off and landing?
AC: I I had the privilege of getting to the front of cockpit ‘cause I wanted to be a Flight Engineer. And I was always to the front with the pilot and the flight engineer all sat at the front there, on a canvas belt what the flight engineer sat on. Yeah.
CB: A number of people became aircrew because they had seen notices on boards in the army quarters and air force stations looking for — requesting people to apply for aircrew, did you never see one of those? What stopped you —
AC: Oh yes, I, I went originally for aircrew. I went originally for it and I passed me medical and I waited but never got called up for it.
CB: Oh. Oh right.
AC: They had too many didn’t they?
CB: They did [pause] ‘cause the losses didn’t continue as high as they thought they would.
AC: Pardon?
CB: The losses — aircrew losses.
AC: Yes.
CB: Diminished. So they didn’t have the demand quite that they had expected.
AC: There was no flying from Lockheed. No, Lockheed was a training camp.
CB: Yes, sure. Right, thank you very much indeed, Arthur.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Interview with William Arthur Coulton
Creator
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Chris Brockbank
Publisher
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IBCC Digital Archive
Date
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2016-10-20
Format
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01:14:51 audio recording
Type
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Sound
Identifier
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ACoultonWA161020
Conforms To
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Pending review
Rights
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This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Description
An account of the resource
William Coulton was born in Derbyshire and worked as an errand boy for the Co-Op until he joined the Royal Air Force in 1943, aged 18. He trained as a flight mechanic and was posted to 115 Squadron at RAF Witchford where he worked on Lancasters. He was later posted to Palestine with 32 Squadron where he worked on Spitfires. He was demobbed in July 1945 and married his girlfriend Hilda Elsie who he had met serving in the Navy, Army and Air Force Institute. After the war he moved to North Luffenham and worked as a motor mechanic.
Contributor
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Gemma Clapton
Language
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eng
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Royal Air Force
Royal Air Force. Bomber Command
Royal Air Force. Fighter Command
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Great Britain
Israel
Middle East--Palestine
Israel--ʻEn Shemer
Israel--Ramat Daṿid
England--Cambridgeshire
England--Derbyshire
England--Rutland
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1943
1944
1945
115 Squadron
208 Squadron
32 Squadron
dispersal
fitter engine
flight mechanic
ground crew
ground personnel
Lancaster
love and romance
military living conditions
military service conditions
Navy, Army and Air Force Institute
RAF Newmarket
RAF North Luffenham
RAF Witchford
service vehicle
Spitfire
tractor
training
Women’s Auxiliary Air Force
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/477/8359/PBrileyWG1502.2.jpg
88f12b161e5a47cf71c561733e1c9465
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/477/8359/ABrileyW150522.1.mp3
18e7d5718da098c6dae85ec69ead9533
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/477/8359/PBrileyWG1503.2.jpg
ccd30a6b9b18cea87c0269a963f6dc2b
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Briley, William George
George Briley
W G Briley
Publisher
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IBCC Digital Archive
Identifier
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Briley, WG
Description
An account of the resource
Eight items. An oral history interview with Warrant Officer William George Briley (1586825, Royal Air Force), his log book, service material and a sight log book containing <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/show/987">18 target photographs</a>. After training in South Africa, George Briley completed 39 bombing and supply dropping operations as a navigator with 40 Squadron flying Wellingtons from Foggia in Italy. <br /><br />The collection has been loaned to the IBCC Digital Archive for digitisation by William George Briley and catalogued by Barry Hunter, <span>with additional identification provided by the Archeologi dell'Aria research group (</span><a href="https://www.archeologidellaria.org/">https://www.archeologidellaria.org</a><span>)</span>
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015-10-09
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Transcribed audio recording
A resource consisting primarily of recorded human voice.
Transcription
Text transcribed from audio recording or document
MJ: Now.
WB: My name is Warrant Officer Briley. I’m recording this for the International Bomber Command Centre on 22 May 19 - 2015. And we - where I am is at Ruskington in Lincolnshire. I’ll try and see if I can. Well, my first big run to get to a training place was down to South Africa where I stayed for five months and picked up my brevet. And then, where I, I came back down by flying boat which took four days from Durban to Cairo. From then onwards, I was doing all around that area until they had vacancies up on the training field where the temperature of 150 – 120 was very warm. Then we got back down to Cairo and for - picked up me flight to Italy where I went through Naples and out then to Foggia where I stayed with the 40 Squadron the whole time until I’d finished my term, and then I went back to Naples and they gave me a [unclear]. That gave me a lot more places and also I was sent up to Athens where I was a gunner on on private Wellingtons that had been stripped with passengers and freight all over the Middle East. Then then I was – land – I was - oh sorry. After we done all that I was land down – I was down on the ground there until they got me a job back on Egypt where they sent me up to Udine in northern Italy. No no way of getting up there, but I went out and a British army driver took me all the way, which was very good of him, and the little – when I got up there they hadn’t a clue what I was doing up there for, although they knew themselves, 39 Squadron it was and they gave me a leave over the weekend when I got there and there’s a chance I had of seeing and being in Venice in the holiday part of the RAF they had out there. We came back by a big – by a big plane from Bari having had a train journey all the way back. And that landed me on besides the besides the canal on the Suez Canal and from there we were doing I was doing quite a lot of driving which I wanted to do until they found a place for me which was in El Alamein[?] Back to Cairo and on to the flying the flying out to El Adam [?]. And I stayed here that’s where I picked up my WO. And I and I was put in charge, once I got away the driving they put me in charge of a sy – system well, well in in in an where the people going through and also the pilots and that. I had to, had to sign them through. Some didn’t want to do that and but then they had to. They got no signature otherwise. Anyway, from there that’s when I was sent – I was on leave then at the end and I made out. I picked up my brother who was in Cairo or rather he was up in – he was up in Palestine. Picked him up, we went to Haifa and stayed a fortnight. We enjoyed ourselves. I, I was lucky in that ‘cause I – that’s one brother. The other brother I picked up on the way in at Cairo. So I doubt if there were many other brothers who met du – met during the war. So [unclear] in the end it – we came by boat from Alexandria to Toulon. Waited there for the train back to England. And came – got back in June. One of the coldest Junes I think I knew at that time, especially when you’d been at a temperature of a hundred-and-twenty and that. Now the temperature here went across that boat was really ferocious. And then we was sent up to Wednesbury for discharge. They had to make a suit for me I was so ruddy small and out of all proportion and today I’m even worse. The trouble is I aint going in. I was dead on the lowest figure. When I was on the Foggia we took off from Foggia and went down the Corinth Canal or to it, where we had been told there was a big storm up. It’s too high to go over. Too low to go under. So we were given a height which was about the best. As we came into it. Here we go, the thing is we went up like a ruddy express [mumble] express lift, and stopped and went down straight away, and oh my head hit the blooming geodetics. It, it was so loud the pilot put - turned put it hard head round. He said: ‘What was that?’ I said ‘That was my flipping head.’ [Chuckles] It was yeah.
MJ: Yeah yeah.
WB: Yeah, we got through it and carried on. [Chuckle]
MJ: Well, well that’s the sort of thing –
WB: Yeah
MJ: - that you got to remember, you know.
WB: Hmm. [Chuckle].
MJ: What was it about the bridge?
WB: Eh?
MJ: That one about the bridge? You said about the [unclear]. Can you repeat that?
WB: Yes.
MJ: Please.
WB: [Sigh] [Background noise] I done that one.
MJ: So, so what was the story about that one?
WB: No, it’s not. It’s this one. The one with the four-thousand pound bomb. Kitzscher [?] And – our – well I was quite, quite surprised, you know, you see, where this bomb was. It was only a big hole that was there and they – one of the Italians came about and said ‘What you looking at it for?’ I said ‘I got an idea that’s our bomb.’ ‘Oh,’ he said – he said ‘What has happened?’ He said ’There were two trains on that bridge when you dropped it.’ He said ’One of them went into it to– [unclear] into reinforcements and one coming out. He said: ‘The one coming out got the bar –part of it. The whole the back of [unclear] train and that other one run into the hole that was there. [Chuckle] He says: ‘So you done a damn good job.’ [Laughter]. I’ve never been seen anybody about that - the crew I could tell to.
MJ: Well that’s -
WB: Yeah.
MJ: That’s the good part about it.
WB: Apparently in the Blitz –
MJ: Yeah.
WB: The eight months Blitz. Every night. [Chuckle]. And, it’s so much so I managed to get it out of – but other people commanding me. ‘I can’t go on the back of this bike.’ I said ‘Why not?’ He said ‘Well, I’m out in the open.’ I should have sat on mine all the time. [Chuckle] Any rate, in the end, a number of them complained about it and but, they were more or less protecting me. [Laugh]. I can see their point and any way, they said – they asked me whether I’d like to learn how to drive. I said ‘I would very much.’ And so they brought a driver in from a local gas company depot and he said ‘Now, let’s see. What do you wanna learn?’ I said: ‘Anything I can drive. I was able to – so lorries and that.’ ‘Ah, so you want double declutching.’ You know to this day, and that was in the war. To this day, I still use, I didn’t realise it, part of the double declutching.
MJ: Hm.
WB: Right the way through, and it was only my sister who told me that my changing up and changing down and that was smooth, and I can’t see how it – how it can be smooth? And I worked it out. The – I wasn’t doing the whole double declutching, what I was doing – now with double declutching you use your feet as well. That’s all I wasn’t doing. [Mumble] Step in here.
MJ: Here. It’s good. What – what –
WB: What?
MJ: What – what sort of ops and things did you actually stand out for one reason of another?
WB: What you want me to do?
MJ: I’m here.
WB: Supplied it and then I went and got – I went there to be of service there. [Laughter]. All on one aerodrome. We called it Kalamaki Avenue[?]. It was –
MJ: So – what ‘s that bit of paper?
WB: Yeah. [Unclear]. Can’t hardly read it now. [Unclear] Penetration. Frontal conditions. Last night your bombers carried out their mission with excellent results. This attack which – which you carried out [unclear] or in the port of crews participated. Please convey to all ranks under your command my opposition – appreciation of this noteworthy effort. That was from the Group Captain commanding 263 Wing.
MJ: What did you have to do in that?
WB: Hm?
MJ: What what what was the op? Operation? What operation – what?
WB: Oh these aerodromes.
MJ: You say you had to bomb them? Or –
WB: No, it – thing is they were all bombed on one night by different – they sent out the squadron. Three or four to one – three or four to [unclear].
MJ:
WB: I don’t think that was the one that hit me on the head. I hadn’t been given my flight badge then. I was just a Sergeant. [Pause]. 9th to the 10th of October 1944 [turning of pages] 9 10 of October –
MJ: What was that op?
WB: Hm.
MJ: What did you have to do for that one?
WB: [Pause] On the – on the 4th – 4th of October ’44 we went to the Danube and put a mine – two mines down there. Have having had to fly there at thirty foot and then there was a a – I think there was haystacks even higher than we were. So I was expecting anytime that we – that we should get a gun from behind them. Then the next one we went on the 9th we went to Athens, we did that and they were put for us they were pretty long trips. Athens six hours and the Danube was five fifty-one.
MJ: So what – why did you that one to similar to the Dam Busters one. Why?
WB: It was the [unclear] valley. There’s the valley. South, it was south of one of their big cities. I forget which one it was. Began with a B, I know that. [Laughter].
MJ: So what did you have to do that made it similar to the other dams? Did you have to go lower or was it just too hot or what?
WB: While we kept low was to get underneath their mining thing and also we were down there so as we could get in underneath it and without them noticing it, and we didn’t – did manage it seems ‘cause nobody came to try and have a go at us. Then five days later we went over there again. Not this to the Danube which was up south of a – a big city beginning with B, I think it was. And this this second one, our eleventh was on Kalamaki operation bombed over flares. So we had two long ones. [Pause] I know that we bombed one of the American bombings. They gave us a photo of what they had left. When we got there it hadn’t even been touched. So we had to do all the bombing for them. That’s the Americans all along, which I never did quite like.
MJ: [Unclear]
WB: [Unclear]. More modern, modern aircraft and that. I mean the Wellington was a pre-war, but we had it all the way through the war out there.
MJ: So did you fly different aircraft more often or just one particular one? ‘Cause you got –
WB: You could hardly see the blinder[?]. All I know is it was going off track and I couldn’t I couldn’t get the thing to go in at all. In the end, when he when he went ran out of [unclear] I expect and well that’s that. He said ‘[Unclear] Which way you going? I said ‘No, you’re too late to go the back.’ I said ‘So turn on and face, face Yugoslavia.’ And I said ‘When you get - as soon as you’ve seen the mountains over there, turn south. Don’t wait for me.’ I said ‘Then we’ll sort – start sorting out some.’ Anyway I got ‘em back in.
MJ: So what happened when you got to base then?
WB: Then – then I was a bit late when I got, of course, when we got in. But after that on three occasions I got them to go another route because there was a blooming eight-hundred – and sent us out on our own valley, there was a hill eight-hundred foot high and quite often the clouds comes came down so they forced them under the thousand so I sort of – ‘What’s the matter Briley?’ I said : ‘There’s a hill in that valley eight hundred foot.’ Said ‘Yeah.’ So he turned round to his thing[?]and said ‘Go and see if he’s right.’ The bloke said when he came back he said : ‘He’s right.’ ‘Oh, sent him round the end of the peninsula.’ That happened three times. I had to – ‘cause I knew where it was. I was coming in through the valley at two-thousand in the cloud dived down at the end where I knew it’d be.’ ‘Didn’t you – didn’t you see the target?’ ‘Yeah.’ ‘Well how come you came back here half-hour before any others [unclear]. I said ‘’Cause I used the valley.’ ‘But you told us.’ ‘But yeah I know where it is.’
MJ: So you took a short cut?
WB: Yep. You see the second time he was sending me down for – I I didn’t do much on that. I knew it – I knew how it was. So so we had a look down at it and found this thing this hill. ‘Right we can use that.’ I did on three occasions. Got back in. Nice time I was the only one on breakfast. [Chuckle]. Everybody else came in half-hour later. Every time ‘Missed it again.’ I said : ‘No we did not miss it.’ Berh, that was another bleeding officer and then, and I gather from one of our other, one of the crew I saw in Cairo. He said ‘You know what has happened up at up at - up at Foggia?’ I said ‘No.’ ‘ See they sent out those big aircraft, up our valley at a thousand feet.’ ‘Yeah.’ ‘Three crashed into that hill you told them about.’ I said ‘That’s bloody murder.’ And if I had my way I’d have had him but they took no notice of me, but it was them that - I mean the big aircraft, American aircraft has about twelve people on board. The Wellington only had five. You think it. Three aircraft. Thirty-six. Dead. Before they’d even started.
MJ: ‘Cause they took the wrong route.
WB: Yeah. I wish I could have done but you supposed to be a – on their side. [Laughter]. Yeah. And one or two people told me about it and I said that ‘I said I quite agree with ya. But we daren’t do it.’
MJ: Yeah.
WB: Whether they learned after that when they hit this hill there’s one way to find out. Not the [unclear] of the bleeding crew though.
MJ: Was there any more situations like that you had before? Was it a lot like that?
WB: Yeah well. This is how it is.
MJ: Yeah.
WB: Another time she came down to – oh blimey – begins will L.
MJ: Well –
WB: Yeah.
MJ: Yeah. Well anyway yeah.
WB: Yeah. Anyway, she came down there. I was [unclear] been on there a fortnight and she said ‘That comes off.’
MJ: So you had to lose your –
WB: So my mate said ‘Are you gonna?’ ‘No,’ I said ‘I’ve got home. I’ve worked it out. I want us to have three weeks to see what it’s like.’ Anyway, I didn’t get any in the end. Wasn’t for her, it was for myself. It itched though underneath. [Shudder].
MJ: Yeah I know.
WB: So I –
MJ: Yeah. Don’t go good with a uniform. So I put that on. Ok I’m gonna take a photo. You in 40 Squadron.
WB: That’s 40 Squadron in 3 Group with Wellingtons in 1940 or ‘41. Towards the end of ’41, 40 Squadron moved toward Malta. Moved to Egypt early in ’42 into 205 Group. Moving to North Africa and eventually to Italy. During – I joined 40 Squadron in Foggia Italy in August ’44. First flight 30th of August ’44 and first op 1st of September ’44. And last one 39, 21st of January 1945. Book says last, last 13th of March. Hmm, it’s wrong. Otherwise how was I doing it in ’45?
MJ: There’s there’s –
WB: It was a remake Manchester. Found that the Manchester were two Merlins was like the blooming Wellington Mark II was Merlins. They’re useless, so they took it back, extended the wing, put in two more engines and extended other things, call it the Lancaster, and it was a success. Makes you wonder doesn’t it?
MJ: It does yeah.
WB: I’m lying. I don’t think it’s been made public much ‘cause the Manchester was a dud.
MJ: Yeah.
WB: Hmm.
MJ: This is Michael Jeffery on behalf of the International Bomber Command Historical Project Unit. Thank you to William Briley for his recording.
WB: It won’t. Make it George, George Briley.
MJ: George Briley, it is.
WB: George, it’s what I’m known as. You’ll find on here that no one knows about a Duckworth[?]. It’s George everybody.
MJ: Well that’s good.
WB: Yeah.
MJ: Well, it’s very nice to meet you George. Thank you very much for you co-operation and your photographs and such like and I hope to meet you again. On behalf of the International Bomber Command, thank you again. On the 22nd of May 2015.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Interview with William George Briley
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Mick Jeffery
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015-05-22
Format
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00:28:49 Audio recording
Type
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Sound
Identifier
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ABrileyW150522
Conforms To
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Pending review
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Publisher
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IBCC Digital Archive
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1944-10
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Gemma Clapton
Language
A language of the resource
eng
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Royal Air Force
Description
An account of the resource
After training in South Africa, William Briley flew operations as a navigator with 40 Squadron flying Wellingtons from Foggia, Italy. One of his operations involved the dropping of a 4000lb bomb which derailed two trains. He was also involved in mine laying in the Danube.
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Egypt
Greece
Italy
Italy
Danube River
South Africa
Greece--Zakynthos
Italy--Foggia
Greece--Corinth Canal
Danube River
40 Squadron
aircrew
bombing
mine laying
navigator
training
Wellington
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/467/8350/ABantingP160315.2.mp3
b7b96bfe67cf2c1ebbc167ca5bd83878
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Banting, Peter
P Banting
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
IBCC Digital Archive
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Banting, P
Description
An account of the resource
Three items. An oral history interview with Peter Banting (b. 1923, 1399810 Royal Air Force) his log book and a a piece of material containing signatures.
He flew operations as a bomb aimer with 75 and 7 Squadrons.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2016-03-15
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. Some items have not been published in order to protect the privacy of third parties, to comply with intellectual property regulations, or have been assessed as medium or low priority according to the IBCC Digital Archive collection policy and will therefore be published at a later stage. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collection-policy.
Transcribed audio recording
A resource consisting primarily of recorded human voice.
Transcription
Text transcribed from audio recording or document
This interview is being conducted for the International Bomber Command Centre. The interviewer is David Meanwell. The interviewee is Peter Banting. The interview is taking place at Mr Banting’s home in East Molesey on the 14th, 15th of March 2016.
DM : Ok if we start off with when you were born and where you were brought up.
PB : Well I was born in 1923 and I was brought up in Brixton. I was born in Brixton too.
DM : Right ok, and tell me, tell me a little about what lead you to join the Air Force and when you actually joined up.
PB : Well I was a founder member of the Cadet Corps and that was started, I believe, in about 1940, I believe, and I was one of the first to join it in Brixton. It was number 50F ATC and I remember it well going there and many people, many people of my age were there as well, and ‘Will I get in?’ I said.’ Will I get in?’ And they did accept me and that’s how it all started.
DM : Did you actually do any flying in the ATC?
PB : No, no, no, but there was one really wonderful experience we had. We attended Biggin Hill Aerodrome, that would be 1941, and okay the Battle of Britain was over but they were doing, they were going over to France low level, very, very dangerous and that’s when I had my first trip actually. I was very fortunate to go up in a Blenheim. They, they allowed us to go up in a Blenheim. It was wonderful. Yes, and we saw, there was a Spitfire squadron, and we saw it coming in and land. Marvellous, marvellous experience. We were there for two weeks.
DM : Ok -
PB : Hmm.
DM : So then you joined up? When did you actually join up?
PB : July 1942.
DM : Right.
PB : Yes.
DM : And what was the-?
PB : No, Sorry, actually, I joined up in December 41 and I wasn’t called up until July 42.
DM : Right
PB : Yes. St John’s Wood. We all went to St John’s Wood.
DM : Right. Did you have a sort of ambition when you joined up what you thought you’d like to do?
PB : Erm, I just wanted to fly with the RAF. I, it was day-to-day. You know? One took one day as it came and that was it, and enjoyed it and from that day on, I had a wonderful experience. I love the RAF [laugh] still do. [laugh] and I’m a member of the RAF Club at that.
DM : So, when you were actually called up, which was, you said, July-
PB : Yes, yes.
DM : What actually happened then?
PB : Well, we went to St John’s Wood, where the cricket field was, and were stationed there and after that we went to Ludlow, I remember. We camped at Ludlow it was summer and we were all in tents and that decided where we would go for ITW (Initial Training Wing), and there was a corporal in our tent, and he asked me where I wanted to go. And I said ‘I’d like to go to Cambridge.’ He said ‘Right and I did.’ [laugh] And he fixed it and I went to Cambridge and had a lovely time in Cambridge, wonderful, with the Initial Training Wing. I think we were about three months there, yeah three months. And after that, after the three months initial training where you had certain exams, you were taught to dismantle a Browning gun and put it all altogether again, Morse code, navigation, and elementary stuff you know that sort of thing and after that we were sent to an Elementary Flying Training School for selection as to whether you’d be a pilot, navigator or a bomb aimer and that’s when, that was in Oxford. I got there in December, erm that would have been December 1942 and we were tested, we had I suppose I don’t know how many hours, I suppose, about thirty hours on Tiger Moths and I was tested and very fortunately I made a perfect circuit and bump and I was selected to be a pilot. I didn’t know that for a long time we were sent to Manchester, the training centre in Manchester and that decided - and we were all lined up one day and we all carefully listened to what he was going to say, he said and he called out all these names and my name came out, ‘Banting. Pilot.’ I was delighted [laugh] of course. And then I think there were after Manchester we were sent to up to Scotland and there when we got to Scotland by train, we saw outside in the sea the ‘Queen Elizabeth’ and I mean, there was a cheer when we saw it. We saw this ship and thought ‘My God. Is this going to take us to Canada? And it did.’ And it was a four-and a-half hour trip, a four-and-a-half day trip and all the way through we were a bit concerned ‘cause some in ’43 that’s when the U-boats really, were really active, but - we the ship zig-zagged all the way through and I suppose a normal journey would have taken three days and we took four-and-a-half days and we landed at Halifax and from Halifax after a few days I was sent out to, erm, to DeWinten Flying School. And then I got chicken pox and I had, I think it was, two weeks leave in Vancouver. What a trip that was. They made such a fuss of us. Absolutely wonderful. And came back and I got scarlet fever and I couldn’t fly a bloody thing. I was absolutely hopeless. So unfortunately, or fortunately I think, it probably saved my life, but fortunately I was regraded to be bomb aimer and I went on a bomb aimers course. And sent to Lethbridge for the bombing course. And what year would that have been? I’m trying to think now, that would be, er, ’43 March ’43. That would be the summer of ’43 so until that took most of the summer. And from then, having completed that course went to Edmonton in Canada for navigation course and bomb aiming course and the rest of it. So I finished in December 1943 in Canada. Came back and to Monkton, which is the centre for air crew to be despatched back to Britain. And we were told under no circumstances, we had two weeks leave, under no circumstances will you be allowed to go past the barrier to get to America. Don’t try it. Well that was a challenge [laugh] and I knew you had to have it was called a short H form, and I got this short H form and I filled in everything with everyone’s agreement that we should go and a great friend of mine Pat Russell was with me and I had armed with this form we went to the barrier and there was an American there. And he said ‘Right. I’ll just phone your base and see if it’s ok.’ Left me on my own and when back to the phone completely out of sight and I thought God this is it we’re going to be despatched back. That was a nice try. He came back and said ‘Ok, you’re ok.’ In other words he was trying, to see, to see if we’d escaped. So we got on the train and we had a most wonderful time in New York where we were entertained by a family and stayed with them and that was an experience to be in New York in 1944 it was then. Wonderful. And that was an experience in itself, and we came back, when we came back to Monkton, we, erm, we went, went to the port and there was a ship waiting and it was The Andes. It was called The Andes. Nothing like the QE, nothing at all [laugh]. I mean it really was. It was a hell ship. We were in hammocks and they were crowded into a tiny area and that took a bit longer. That took six days ‘cause it was slower and we got back to Liverpool I think it was. Came back to a centre. Now after this it gets a bit blurred and my memory fades on this but, erm, I remember we went to somewhere up north near Northumbria near there for the centre. Came back and I might refer to my logbook now It might give a little indication of what happened after that [turning of pages] Lethbridge AFU [turning of pages] [whistling] Sorry to keep you waiting. But it’s -
DM : No no.
PB : It’s all here somewhere. Oh yes, I remember now we went to Harrogate. We went to Harrogate as a centre which decided where we’d crew up. And we were all there together, pilots, navigators, bomb-aimers and I was crewed up with somebody called Rothwell. My pilot an Australian, and a very tall man. A blonde man, and he, I found out later he was three years younger than me. Now had I known then he should have treated me with greater respect , he was three years younger than me. He didn’t at all. Anyways he was a great chap and you know I still see him. He’s in America. [pause]
DM : And off we go,
PB : And I still see him. He comes over regularly. He’s a great chap and he brought his son once and I remember when his son was there, we went to a little pub, and had a look in the river. A very lovely day and it brought it all back and I remember describing one of the episodes to, to his son and he was very pleased with that. Anyway the other members of the crew, if I remember, we had Paddy Key at rear gunner. He was a Northern Ireland guy. Erm, John Turner mid upper gunner, erm Wellard was the wireless operator. Bob Wellard he was much older than us and he was called Pop ‘cause he was twenty-eight. And a nice guy, twenty-eight, well he was twenty-eight then, so if he was twenty-eight then, five years older than me. So I’m ninety-two he’d be- he’d be over a hundred so I doubt very much if he is still with us. Navigator he got scarlet fever and he only did five ops with us and he disappeared from the scene. I can’t remember his name. And, of course, Jack Pond was the engineer and Ken Rothwell was our skipper. And that was the crew. [coughs] So we crewed up and I think we went very shortly after that to Operational Training Units on Ansons. The only thing about Ansons that I detested I had to wind down the undercarriage, you know. That was a rotten job. And that was, I don’t know how long, probably about two months there at Operational Training and then we went to Chedburgh for the heavy conversion unit from Ansons to heavies. They were Stirlings. And I don’t, can’t remember how long we were there but to cut a long story short we ended up at 75 New Zealand Squadron, Mepal, that would be December 1944. But our first ops weren’t until January 1945 and I going out of my log book really ‘cause that picks it up [turning of pages] 75 New Zealand Squadron [turning of pages]. Here we go. My first operation was on the 22nd of January 1945 and the skipper was the commander. His name was Wing Commander Baygent [?]. He was a New Zealander. Now I discovered later I didn’t realise this, this is quite amazing. I looked at this guy and I’m like oh god he’s a very old guy, well-experienced and I’m ok. I learnt later he was the same age as me. We had a Wing Commander Baygent Commanding Officer of the 75 New Zealand Squadron and he was twenty-one. I was absolutely amazed at that. I didn’t discover that until much later. But that first operation, I mean when I went up and I saw a wall of flak in front of me at the target, the target was Duisburg on the Rhine. And when I saw this wall of flak I thought ‘My God. How the bloody hell we going to get out of that?’ And it was really quite, you know, that wasn’t a nice experience. But he was a good pilot but there’s one thing that he did do, that was very naughty actually. We got over, I dropped the bombs on the target and then he put the aircraft down in nosedive to get out of the flak. Now you’re not supposed to that, you’re supposed to fly straight and level. So when you’re over the target you take a photograph of where the bombs had gone. Now according to the records, when it was later, all my bombs dropped in the river because he the angle of the aircraft, you see, was such that it photographed what was behind and not in front so I never really forgave him for that but he got us out of it anyway. That’s the main thing. So that was my first op 22nd of January. Next one was on the 28th and we did them quite regularly, 28th, 29th and going all the way though about two or three a week. Now I’ve all the ones listed here, which we won’t do. On the 28th of January went to Cologne. All our targets were military targets. We didn’t carpet bomb and I’m very glad to say that. And all our targets because of the landings and the military operations going on behind the Rhine and it was decided that we’d bomb things like railway junctions mainly railway junctions, most of our targets were railway junctions and very rarely factories or anything like that. So that’s what we did mainly. Now 28th of January Cologne. Then 29th of January Krefeld and I notice it took to get there five, five-and-a-half hours to get there and back from Krefeld. [Turning of pages] I won’t list them all, but included are Monchengladbach, Wiesbaden, Dortmund, and then very sadly I notice on the 16th of February 1945 the New Zealand squadron, my best mate Pilkington was shot down and I got a note here when it happened. It was on the 16th of February on a trip to Dortmund. Now after that Wessel, we went to Wesel, now Wesel was very much in the papers at the time because that it was a key centre for troops to, apparently it was a centre for troops to rest before they went back to the front. Wessel, Dortmund, Gelsenkirchen, Kamen, Karmen, Wanne Eickel and then I, please forgive lack of German accent, my German accent is appalling, I don’t know any German at all. Not like my grandson. Salzbergen, Dessau, Gelsenkirchen, Essen. Now Essen I got a note here, this is, this is fascinating. This was an amazing, what an experience that was. It was biggest daylight raid in the history of the RAF. I don’t know how many, it doesn’t say how many aircraft. I did note that. It was the 11th of March 1945 and what an amazing sight that was. Over the clouds, bright, bright sun of course, and to see these aircraft. It did seem, I don’t know how many there were but it seemed like a million to me. It was absolutely incredible. You know tail to tail and wing to wing. That was an amazing experience. And unfortunately during that we saw quite a few of them shot down when we got over Germany ‘cause it was daylight. [Turning of pages] Now after that the skipper came and had a little talk to us. He said : ‘Now look you’re doing quite well, how do you feel about going over to Pathfinders?’ So we had a little chat and I said ’That’s great, you know. Let’s go to Pathfinders.’ So we were then sent to Pathfinder Night Training Unit at Warboys.
[Door bell].
PB : We were at the Pathfinders Unit Warboys from the 17th of March ’45 until the 31st of March when we were posted the 7 Squadron at Oakington. Now coming back to Pathfinding Night Training, the skipper there was Group Captain Mahaddie D.S.O., D.F.C, A.F.C, S.C.F.C., and etc etc etc. Now we really got very friendly with him after the war with 7 Squadron with the Pathfinder Association and at one of the, that’s a bit out of sequence but never mind, he did give us the book and inscribe it. I’ll read out the inscription. He said: Signed for Peter Banting and the child bride Hazel [cough] with my warmest regards the Pathfinder battle cry – Press on Regardless. Hamish, RAF Wyton. That was written on the 15th of August 1992. So that was that. So coming back to reality, we were posted to 7 Squadron and our first operation there was on the 2nd of April to Nordhausen, and Pathfinders are so different. If I can briefly describe our operations on Pathfinders. We went in, the first Pathfinders went in and dropped illuminating flares over the target, there was a general illumination, then there was back-up where they dropped coloured flares on the target so that was really pinpointed. The master bomber up above was usually in a Mosquito and he was directing incoming aircraft onto the target. So the first ones that came in dropped it accurately on the target, now if it drifted away backers up drifted different coloured flares onto the target. So there’s a new target which was seen by the master bomber up above and he redirected the aircraft onto the correct coloured target. That’s how it worked, but the thing is with Pathfinders was we dropped. We dropped these illuminating flares and you know whatever but we have to go round again and drop the bombs. So every trip that we did was counted two ops really and that’s why after thirty ops, normally everyone got a D.F.C. or a D.F.M. and who did that on Pathfinders. Now coming to what we actually did again, it’s coming near to the end of the war isn’t it? North of Hamburg, I won’t describe them all, Hamburg, Kiel now, we did go to Kiel. Now the interesting thing about Kiel. At Kiel there was a German battleship. It was a cross between a cruiser and a battleship called the Deutschland. Now I am convinced that I sunk it like everybody else who on that trip but it was sunk at that trip and I’m sure I did it you never know do you? So, that was Kiel and we went to Kiel again on the 13th of April but by then the battleship was sunk so we weren’t so worried about that. We were told when we went to Potsdam that Hitler was probably there, that was on the 14th of April and we were told that he was likely to be there, so we dropped our bombs very accurately on where he was. Bremen, and then on 24th of April that was it. I was awarded the Pathfinder badge on the 26th of May 1945 after the war. But the most memorable trips to me were after the war. The Dutch were starving in May 1945 and it was decided that they would receive an airdrop of food. And on the 4th of May 1945 we went to Rotterdam and dropped food for them, and that was quite amazing and it was an enormous target area and they had in white stone around the target area. Thank you, after that we went to Lubeck and Juvencourt, landed in Germany picked up prisoners of war and brought them back. That was quite amazing. That was a wonderful experience, and when I was at Lubeck I raided the German store brought back a perfect German uniform and a helmet. Now I, later I very carefully packed this German uniform away in a brown bag and put it in the loft to keep it safe, and then a couple of months later I thougt: I’ll have a look at it, and a shower of moths came out, totally ruined. That was that, so unfortunately no more German uniform and I gave the German helmet away, but I’ve still got an armband somewhere or other, a German armband. [Turning of pages] And so that was really the end of my flying experiences during the war. We, then of course, after the war, after the European war that is, we were training as the Tiger Force to go out to India to fight the Japanese. We were trained at low level bombing but nevertheless August came and the end of the war. That was it. But I was in the RAF until discharged, and really I wasn’t really doing very much after that. I was very fortunate to be maintained on to 7 Squadron and funny enough 7 Squadron as a whole after the war went back to Mepal where 75 New Zealand, 75 New Zealand, Squadron was. So I had a few girlfriends there and met up with them again too [laugh]. So that’s really the war experience, my total war experiences.
DM : So we came to the end of the war came to, August Victory in Japan, did ever think about staying in the Air Force? Did you ever consider that?
PB : Well, funnily enough at the end of the war I ended up as a Warrant Officer, I had an interview with the Commanding Officer. He said ‘Look, maybe you’d like a commission but it’d mean signing on for a couple of years. Would you like to do that?’ I thought it over and said ; ‘No, but very, very I’m glad you’ve done that I was very honoured, but I do feel that I’ve got to get back to what I want to do which is architecture and being an architect and that was that. And that’s what I did, an architect after six years training. And I met my wife, my wife of long years standing lived next door to me in Brixton and we got engaged, but I said to her: ‘Look, do you mind? You’ve got a long wait.’ She didn’t mind. So it was a long course, it was, how long was it? It was seven-year course really, well really, five years really on studying and part of it was when I was working, and we got married in 1951. Yes, but the other part of all this after the war was ‘The Pathfinder Association’. I was on a train going into London once when I saw a guy opposite me had a Pathfinder tie, very distinctive blue with, we used to call it, a shite hawk, a yellow eagle on his tie. And I said: ‘Are you a Pathfinder?’ And he said: ‘Yes.’ I said: ‘So was I.’ He said: ‘What squadron?’ So I told him. He said : ‘Well come and see us.’ And he was the secretary of the Pathfinders Association Jimmy Hughes, and we became great buddies and we used to go out regularly and I used to go up to the RAF Club at- I wasn’t a member then, and my wife came with me to the RAF club and we became great buddies, and his wife also was also heavily involved.
DM : So when you, when you when became a member of 7 Squadron Pathfinders-
PB : Yes, Yes.
DM : What, what did the missions entail for you? Was there something specific you did on each mission? Was it all a mish-mash?
PB : Oh no, it was all very carefully controlled. Each member of the team had his own particular job but coming to my job. Erm I had to, when I went through France I was responsible for the radar navigation. At that time had a very, very, very excellent radar system which consisted of H2S which was a circular screen which showed exactly where we were on a map and Gee where we were accurately pinpointed. But when we got to the target we were all briefed on what we had to do, and it varied enormously, we were either marking targets either, er, either giving (sorry) yes, we either had to mark targets or illuminate the targets. Each crew was given their specific job at the time, you either had to mark the targets back up with flares, illuminate the target and we were all given a different job at a different time. We all had our own specific job at that particular time and it varied. Each trip we had, we had different things to do. Either illumination or marking targets or backing up flares. It was always different. It was always specific, but every time once we’d down it, we have to back round again and drop the bombs. And that, that was a bit painful, but nevertheless we did it. And, of course, the flak was really concentrated on those specific areas we were at. That’s briefly what we did. It was a wonderful crew. Bob Wellard what he used to do, always used to do was put on AFM, all the way, all the way through, over France, even over Germany sometimes – The American Forces Network. And there was always the same disc jockey pushing out the same old things, you know, the same old things we always used to listen to. I [unclear] Glenn Miller, of course, and that, that was a good experience. We liked that. But coming back to what we actually did, mid-upper gunner was wonderful really, he, we saw Focke-Wulf coming at us once, and I can’t remember where the target was at that time but the Focke-Wulf came at us and made a burst and disappeared from view. We don’t know if he was frightened or lost his way, I don’t know. And that was pretty awful but the worst experience I think we ever had was, I don’t know the target, but the Germans had a radar system. It was a big blue light that illuminated a very great area and picked up most aircraft. We were on our own and this blue light picked us up, once it picked us up all the searchlights in bloody Germany came in on us, and once they came in on you, they no matter where you flew another battery of searchlights picked you up. So we had these searchlights, we must have been, I think, I think it must have at least ten minutes. We had these detailed searchlights on us and the, I could hardly see I was blinded by them. And we came back that night like a bloody colander. And the rear-gunner at the back, I don’t know how he survived, ‘cause the tail plane was virtually shot to pieces. I think that was the worse thing we ever had. But Ken Rothwell what a pilot. He, what we called, corkscrewed and when you corkscrew a Lancaster, and we had a full bomb load at the time, that made it worse. You go down to the left, to the port, and then you turn-around and climb up to the starboard, to the right, up again to the port and then you climb up again to the port and then down and he evaded them. I don’t know how he did it, but he evaded them.
DM : Were all the crew N.C.O.’s? Or were..
PB : Actually the skipper he got a commission.
DM : Right.
PB : Yes.
DM : Did that change the dynamics at all.
PB : Not at all. No, he was a buddy. I mean, I think it was quite wrong in a way. The Americans didn’t see it that way, who nearly all got commissions. But we were all as one, you know really. It didn’t matter what rank you were. He was the pilot, you were the bomb aimer and there was a navigator there. The rest were N.C.O.’s, yes, yes.
DM : Did you, when you, see, from what you said earlier on, you kept the same crew apart from the navigator, who got scarlet fever?
PB : Yes. Yes that’s right.
DM : But other than that the same crew all the way through.
PB : All the way through.
DM : 75 Squadron and 7 Squadron.
PB : Yes, yes.
DM : So did you use to socialise off base as well as on base?
PB : Oh yes.
DM : Did you go to the pub?
PB : Oh, we went to the pub. Oh yes, we all went to the pub together. We had a great time. It was a lovely war. It was wonderful really when I think of those guys on the ground who were, you know, there battling away constantly in danger. We were in danger some of the time. The rest of the time we had a good life, came back to our bunks, and you know, and well fed when we came back. We had an aircrews’ breakfast which er, which consisted of bacon and eggs, and a tot of brandy. That was great, yeah.
DM : Will you, when you, I don’t know if you can remember particularly, but were there perhaps any missions early on when you were filled with trepidation?
PB : Oh, yes. Well there were trips when you lost an engine and came back on three engines. We had a hang-up once, we came back and the skipper said : ‘Don’t drop it on land, go over, drop in the Channel.’ And fortunately, it went off. It landed in the Channel. And I went back to the [unclear] officer and said : ‘There’s something wrong with that bomb release system.’ And he said : ‘Well, I will check it out.’ And he checked it out, and came back and said : ‘No. It’s perfect. There’s nothing wrong with it.’ Went on leave and the aircraft blew up in mid-air. The whole crew were killed. So, so that was terrible. So there was something wrong with it, but never found out what caused it.
DM : Did you ever have problems with fog when you came back?
PB : No. No. No, we always came back, luckily, when the weather forecast was excellent. We usually came back at night, of course. We were told though that the Germans at night were waiting above when we landed to see if they could knock out any Lancasters when we landed. We didn’t see any though.
DM : I was going to ask if you any trouble with intruders, but you never saw any?
PB : No.
DM : Or knew of anything?
PB : No. None at all. No. I think they were all busy fighting Russia. [laugh] Anyway we didn’t see that.
DM : So was it ’46 that you actually came out of the air force? When was that?
PB : September ’46.
DM : ’46. That’s when you resumed your training?
PB : Well, I started my training.
DM : Started your training.
PB : I wanted to be and I was going to be, and I started my training, as an, as an architect. I went to the Brixton School of Building, which was just around the corner funnily enough - So I had to walk there.
DM : So was that something you’d wanted to do before you joined the air force?
PB : No, not really. No, no. I didn’t know what I was going to do. Before I joined the air-force I very fortunate I got a job at the Ministry of Aircraft Production on Millbank. I must have been, I was seventeen. Yes, I was seventeen. And I joined the air force then when I was the Ministry of Aircraft Production. Wonderful job, counting the aircraft as they came out of the factory, literally. And I had access to all these figures, and they had accurate estimates of what should be produced and the factory ones that were produced. And I could see how many Hurricanes, Halifaxes, Spitfires, not Lancasters, were produced every, every week. And I was in the direct, in the fort, the very direction of aircraft production, which was the first floor of Millbank. I often go back, but it’s all changed now. They’ve taken it all away. It’s all gone They’ve gutted it and done again. They’ve really, really started the whole thing all over again.
DM : So, I imagine from what you’re saying it was while you were in the air force you, sort of, firmed up the idea that you would like to train to be an architect.
PB : I think, I think oh yes, yes.
DM : Any particular reason for that?
PB : Well I like to say I knocked them all down so I’m building them all back up again, but it wasn’t that at all. [laugh]. No, it wasn’t that. I just felt that I could draw and I felt I’d like to do it. And luckily I found the right niche.
PB : So after the war, you get a career, you get a wife and then a family, I imagine. Did you keep in touch with the crew or any other colleagues from the air force.
PB : Only Ken. And I’ll tell you how this happened. I knew Ken was an Australian. So I phoned up the Australian Pathfinder Association, and they said: ‘Oh Ken, yes we know who he is. Yes, he’s living in America now.’ So I said: ‘Whereabouts?’ He said: ‘New England.’ So I phoned up every Rothwell there was in New England and I got all sorts of funny replies. Mostly American. And then one day I said: ‘This is a voice from the past. You probably don’t know me.’ He said: ‘Hello Peter.’ He knew my voice. Huh. That’s how it started. And we’re friends now, we still see him. He came over, he used to come over here regularly to march at the Cenotaph. I still march every year at the Cenotaph. And he used to come over, but he’s my age, of course, and he finds it difficult to get around, like I do. So he doesn’t do that anymore. Great family. Got to know them. He’s been in this room.
DM : What career path did he follow?
PB : He was, he was the head of a college, in, I don’t know exactly what. But he was the head of a college in New England. He went into teaching. He met his wife in Sweden when he went on holiday once, I believe. And she’s American. Hmm, yeah.
DM : So, after the, after the war was there a period in your life when, obviously you would never forget what had happened in the air force and your time in Bomber Command, but did you, sort of, move away from it, and then perhaps come back to it and then join associations later?
PB : I put it right out of my mind. It was another world. Disappeared. And right up until fairly recently been totally out of my mind, except when Ken comes over. That brings it back a bit. But, no, it’s another world. Every life has its cycles and that was a cycle that disappeared. And this is my own particular cycle now, it’s been like that since the end of the war. No, I don’t think of it. I very rarely think of it. It’s another world. Another person. In fact, I often think of that person who did those things as my own son you know, and you know, nothing to do with me. Strange, but no another episode totally forgotten, and this brings it all back.
DM : Hmm.
PB : And I get a bit emotional about it now I’m afraid but that’s the way it was. Hmm.
DM : Did you go to the dedication of the memorial in London?
PB : Yes, we did. We did do that. My wife and I went to the dedication. And because I was, was signing books. I, because, was signing books for an organisation that was raising money for the maintenance of it. Because I was signing books I was invited with my wife. And when we were there, suddenly it was quite silent and suddenly there was, some of us heard a noise and we looked around and it was a Lancaster coming over. It was only those who looked around that were aircrew that recognised that sound. This Lancaster came over and dropped all these poppies. Wonderful.
DM : So, you didn’t know that was going to happen?
PB : No, no, no. It was out of the blue. Yeah great experience. Yeah, I like the memorial very much, but I find one fault with the sculptures. They all look about thirty-five or forty. We weren’t that age. All of us were kids. Twenty-one.
DM : Yeah, I think -
PB : Twenty-two.
DM: - like when you see your representation in the films. Most of the actors are far too old.
PB : Yeah. It’s a lovely memorial. I think, ‘Thank God it’s there,’ but the figures there I didn’t recognise.
DM : Do you have any opinions on how Bomber Command were treated after the war? As opposed to other people who had fought in it on other fronts and other-
PB : We were disappointed because we were in the same dangers as any other members of the forces, and we did feel a little bit let down that we weren’t recognised. And I think it was political football in a way, and I think it was all to do with the bombing of areas which were civilian occupied and I doubt it ever involved in that, anyway. Nevertheless it was a bit of let-down, yeah I felt that.
DM : So perhaps, whilst there’s recognition now, it’s very late because a lot of the people who survived the war are no longer with us.
PB : Yes, it is. Yes. The wonderful people who did make a great thing of thing of this, I’m very glad they did. I’m very grateful to them. But much later, of course, it was recognised and we were awarded a clasp and I was very honoured to be invited to Number 10 Downing Street by the Prime Minister with many others to receive the clasp. And that was an amazing experience. Going up the staircase with all the former Prime Ministers going up to the top floor and the Prime Minster. Gave a wonderful speech and he, he summarised the losses which was roughly a hundred-and-fifty thousand took part and fifty thousand died, fifty-five thousand died, and he knew all these facts and he knew all the statistics. And after the little presentation he came up to us and gave us the clasp. We didn’t go up to him, he came up to us. That was magnificent and then we were ushered into another room where there were tables set out and there were about five to each table, and there was a vacant seat at each table. I sat down at one with my wife, and shortly after he came and sat next to me and I was delighted with chatting away. And I said to him: ‘When the coach came in they searched for bombs and underneath the coach, you know, it’s very flat and there could have been bombs there so they searched for them.’ And I said to him later at the table, I said: ‘They looked for bombs under here. You need have bothered as we’re used to having bombs underneath us.’ And he thought that was quite funny. And had lovely meal there and that was wonderful. That was tremendous. That was a long living experience with me. Yeah. Yes my wife has been stalwart with me since my training days in the RAF, she lived next door to me, and I had wonderful letters and we kept this correspondence, she was only a child then you see. She was only twelve. When I was seventeen she was five years younger than me, and I’d always thought of her as a child and then much later she grew up and I grew up a bit more and we did get married in 1951 and very happily too. She’s till upstairs [laugh]. And very happily married. We’ve had three children. Unfortunately my son died, he went to America and he got a job in America and he was an accountant with Airbus, and he contracted cancer, unfortunately. But the other two girls are doing well, one of them is an architect like myself and the other is a very senior, very senior officer in the National Health Service. Yes.
Dublin Core
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Title
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Interview with Peter Banting
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David Meanwell
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IBCC Digital Archive
Date
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2016-03-15
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00:43:28 audio recording
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ABantingP160315
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Pending review
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Sound
Description
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Peter Banting grew up in London and was a member of the Air Training Corps before he volunteered for the Royal Air Force. After training he flew operations with 75 Squadron from RAF Mepal and 7 Squadron RAF Oakington. After the war he trained to be an architect.
Contributor
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Gemma Clapton
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This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
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eng
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Royal Air Force
Royal Air Force. Bomber Command
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Canada
Germany
Great Britain
England--Cambridgeshire
England--Suffolk
Germany--Ruhr (Region)
Temporal Coverage
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1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
7 Squadron
75 Squadron
aircrew
Anson
bomb aimer
bombing
crewing up
fear
Gee
Heavy Conversion Unit
Lancaster
Master Bomber
memorial
Mosquito
Operation Exodus (1945)
Operation Manna (29 Apr – 8 May 1945)
Operational Training Unit
Pathfinders
perception of bombing war
RAF Chedburgh
RAF Mepal
RAF Oakington
target indicator
Tiger force
Tiger Moth
training
-
https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/files/original/416/7655/MTwellsE171780-151026-06.2.pdf
5f56be434d3d90bf672b7eb72bcf9ee3
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Title
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Twells, Ernest
Ernie Twells
E Twells
Description
An account of the resource
19 items. The collection concerns Flying Officer Ernie Twells DFC (1909 - 1979, 6042416, 805035 Royal Air Force) and contains his log books training notebooks, his medals and lucky mascot. It also includes a scrap book of photographs.
Ernie Twells served as an engine fitter before remustering as a flight engineer. He completed 65 operations with 619 and 617 Squadrons including sinking the Tirpitz.
The collection has been loaned to the IBCC Digital Archive for digitisation by Ernest Twells and catalogued by Barry Hunter.
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IBCC Digital Archive
Date
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2015-10-26
Rights
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This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Identifier
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Twells, E
Access Rights
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Permission granted for commercial projects
Transcribed document
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Transcription
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F/O TWELLS
Form 619
ROYAL AIR FORCE.
Notebook for use in Schools.
[page break]
[blank page]
[page break]
[page of calculations]
[page break]
[page of calculations and formulae]
[page break]
[formulae and a graph]
For constant boost and [one indecipherable word] RPM. IHP [one indecipherable word] to RPM for a constant boost RPM will determine weight of air consumed and I.H.P is ∝ to the weight of air consumed. The losses of power between IH.P and B.H.P will be
A/ Frictional losses witch [sic] are ∝ to RPM
B S/G witch [sic] are ∝ RPM at constant Boost
[example calculation]
page break]
[page of calculations and graph]
[page break]
[underlined] SUPER CHARGING [/underlined]
Rate of air consumption by [underlined] weight [/underlined] governs the I.H.P
Supercharging is a means of obtaining higher power at S L or of maintaining cruising power to a higher altitude.
[formulae and calculations on super charging]
Power absorbed prop to square of RPM and weight of air consumed
[page break]
[formulae]
[page break]
TEMP AND PRESS IN ENGINES FITTED WITH TURBO S/C
[graphs]
[page break]
Performance of Supercharged Engines
1/ Normally asperated [sic] engine
[graphs]
[page break]
[page of formulae and calculations]
[page break]
POWER REQUIRED FOR CLIMBING
[page of formulae]
[page break]
[calculations scribbled out]
[page break]
[blank page]
[page break]
For any given revs and boost there is a full throttle height - it is the height up to which the given boost can be maintained with the given revs
Full throttle height affected by
1/ Given boost higher the boost lower [inserted] FTH [/inserted]
2/ Given R.P.M higher RPM higher F.T.H
3/ Ram effect
4/ Intake efficiency
[underlined] Rated conditions [/underlined] are those that may be used for more than 5 mins and less than 1 hour (1/2) generally the max climbing conditions in rich mixture
Rated Power is the power developed with rated R.P.M and Boost at rated height
[graph]
[page break]
[page of graphs]
[page break]
[graphs]
To find power required at any altitude multiply BHP by Altitude Factor for height wanted.
[page break]
[underlined] FUELS [/underlined]
1/ [underlined] DETONATION [/underlined]
2/ FREEDOM FROM VAPOUR LOCK
3 ES DISTROBUTION [sic] VARIOUS CYLDS
4 ABSENT OF TENDIE TO FORM DEPOSITS
[underlined] EFFECT O DETONATION [/underlined]
(a) Increase of heat losses to cylinder walls and pistons
(b) Maximum pressure exceeds normal max value.
Factors governing Detonation
1/ Nature of Fuel
2/ Compression Ratio
3/ Boost Pressure
4/ RPM
5/ Air intake temp
6/ Ignition advance
7/ Cylinder Cooling
Anti Knock Fuel the Property of the fuel ton resist detonation
[one indecipherable word] octane and [one indecipherable word] to get the octane No.
[page break]
[underlined] Volaldily [sic] [/underlined] Tendency of a fuel to Vapourise
Absent of vapour lock
[underlined] SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION [/underlined]
[formulae]
[page break]
[underlined MIX POWER [/underlined]
[graph]
BHP
20:1 rough running combustion will not take place below this ratio
16:1 most ecconical [sic] used for cruising [one indecipherable word] [inserted] power [/inserted]
15.2:1 C . C
14:1 Weak mixture max power
12:1 Rated mixture streath [sic]
10:1 Take off
[underlined] REQUIRED [/underlined]
[one indecipherable word] rich
Cruising 16:1
High power 14:1
Take off 10:1
[page break]
[page of graphs]
VARIATION OF S.F.C. CON BOOST
[Graph showing S.F.C. against power at constant boost]
S.F.C. GRID
[Graph showing S.F.C. against power]
The S.F.C. Grid shows a variety of ways witch [sic] any given power output can be obtained. But there is only ONE seting [sic] for any given power witch [sic] gives envelope minimum S.F.C. this setting is that given on the S.F.C.
EFFECT OF HEIGHT ON S.F.C. GRID
1. Up to full throttle height better S.F.C. same power can be obtained with less revs ie better mec effo [sic]
Above full throttle height S.F.C. increases as to maintain same power revs must be increased.
2. If operating at min R.P.M. to maintain constant power, throttle must be closed gradualy [sic] to full throttle heighjt and opened above full throttle height
[graph of P against A showing full throttle height]
Summary of Factors affecting S.F.C.
1. air fuel ratio (S.F.C. Loop)
2. Power developed.
3. R.P.M. (friction losses)
4. Butterfly opening (boost)
(power wasted in S/G)
[page break]
Carburation
Venturi injection type Stromberg and Seco Venturi with float chamber. SU [two initials] non venturi injection no float chamber R.A.E. Hobson
S.E.C.O and Stromberg
Basic principles of operation
A-B chambers pressure [symbol] airflow
D-C chamber pressure [symbol] fuel flow
[sketch of carburettor]
SUMMARY OF ENGINE PERFORMANCE
Engine caracteristics [sic] of interest
1. Power – speed rate of climb
2. Fuel flow – endurance
3. Specific consumption – range
Factors affecting performance character
1. Boost
2.R.P.M
3. Barometric pressure altitude
4. Temperature
5. Mixture strength.
[table showing effect of changes of the above factors]
[page break]
SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION TENDENCIES
1. Variation of power – const [sic] height temp mixture
a. increasing boost R.P.M const [sic] S.F.C. decreases
b. Increasing RPM boost const [sic] SFC increases
c. Increasing Power at full throttle SFC rough [sic] constant may decrease at low RPM definite increase at high RPM
2. Increase in height
a. constant boost and RPM S.F.C decreases up to full throttle height
b. Constant I.A.S increasing power
(i) at const [sic] RPM S.F.C. decreases
because increase boost
decrease in back pressure
decrease in temp
(ii) At constant boost S.F.C may decrease at low RPM otherwise increase.
(iii) full throttle – much the same as (ii) poss [sic] more favourable see (1c)
Increase in temp
(a) Const [sic] boost and RPM – S.F.C. increase more so in uncompensated carb
(b) Const [sic] IAS increase of power
(i) const [sic] boost S.F.C. increase more so in uncompensated carb
(ii) Const [sic] R.P.M. S.F.C. may decrease slightly with a comp [sic] carb, increase with uncomp [sic] carb
(iii) Full throttle. S.F.C. increase more so at high R.P.M. and even more so with uncomp [sic] carb (PR of supercharger [one word] for higher temp therefore not such a great increase of boost)
[page break]
General Range Flying Principles
Range is distance with a given amount of fuel
Specific Range dist [sic] with a unit amount of fuel
Specific Air Range SAR is A.M.P.G
[formulae for calculating SAR]
S.A.R is a measure of the overall eff [sic] of A/C since L = prop eff [sic] S gives measure of both E and airframe efficiency.
Speed and power can only affect SAR through there affect on E. S or D
Assumption of const [sic] S and E.
[graph of SAR against Speed]
[page break]
Since V1 and D remains constant for changes of height and temp best V1 for range will remain constant and also S.A.R
[graph of SAR against speed]
Best speed for range prop square root of weight
Range inversely prop to weight
[graph]
Increase in parasite drag reduces the best speed for drag and reduces the range also the power required at the new speed is greater than the old speed.
For summary for const [sic]
Best V1 for range is the same V1nn independent of the ht [sic] and air temp and prop to the square root and weight
Percentage vari [sic] of best V1 =[formula]
Increase in parasite drag increases total drag decreases best V1 also increases power required
[page break]
SAR at the best V1 is also independent of height and temp and is inversely prop [sic] to the weight.
Although the assumption of cost [sic] E and S it is not generally true in practice it some times occours [sic] that the value of E over S is allmost [sic] [deleted] negible [/delete] neglidlle [sic] and the above conclusions hold, and in any case can be graphed on to the above results.
EFFECT OF VARIATION OF S.F.C
[formulae and graph]
[page break]
OPERATION AT CONST [SIC] BOOST WHERE SFC INCREASES AT INCREASE POWER
[graph]
At V1MD drag is approx const a small decrease in speed giving but this small decrease in speed gives a decrease in S so D x S is decreased S.AR is increased. If speed is still reduced we shall reach a point where decrease in S and increase in D are balanced and we get best S further reduction in speed shows [deleted] decreasing [/deleted] D increasing much more rapidly than S is decreasing So D x S has a net increase S.A.R therefore fall off
Increase in speed above V1 MD shows both D and S increasing therefore D xS increases and therefore S.A.R decreases see graphs
[page break]
OPERATION AT CONSTANT RPM
SFC decreases with increased power
[graph]
An aircraft is said to be under powered for range flying when the power used at the best speed for range is greater than the power giving min [sic] S.F.C.
It can be seen that an aircraft can commence a sortie underpowered and finis [sic] overpowered.
VARIATIONS OF PROP EFF
Prop eff can generally be taken to be between 75 percent and 85 percent but in any particular case the variation in eff [sic] will be small and of the order of 2 to 4 percent. Above rated altitude however efdf drops off due to high angle of attack required to absorb the power. High angle may also give reduced eff when operating at high boost low RPM In a few isolated cases where prop eff does not remain aprox [sic] constant the variation in drag and S.F.C and the need for operating at certain conditions may override the low RPM high boost rule
[page break]
[graph]
[table]
[graph]
[page break]
Fig A [graph]
The tables show that the rate of power around V1MD in [sic] generaly [sic] lower for lower weights in other words as weight is decreased the aircraft becomes less underpowered or overpowered.
We saw that for an underpowered a/c speed for range is less than V1MD in an overpowered aircraft speed for range is greater than V1MD
This difference depends on slope of S.F.C envelope. As the aircraft becomes less underpowered ie as power is reduced the slope of the envelope is reduced and speed for range becomes nearer V1MD As the aircraft becomes more overpowered ie power required still less the slope increases and speed for range becomes more and more above ViMD
Fig it shows that the variation of speed for range is less for ViMII and in practice we say the percentage of speed for range is
[formula]
EFFECT OF VARIATION OF HEIGHT
For a constant SFC and Prop eff. We saw that variation of height had no effect on range for as on best speed for range and so in practice variation in height will only effect range and speed for range where it effects S.F.C and prop eff
[graph]
[page break]
Aircraft overpowered at Sea Level
Therefore operated at const R.P.M. increased power with height by increasing boost. S.F.C improves therefore therefore range improves therefore S.A.R improves up to the full throttle height At full throttle height aircraft correctly powered S.F.C minimum. If above full throttle height extra powered required obtained at higher RPM this gives greater S.F.C therefore smaller air range.
At sea level overpowered aircraft the best speed for range is higher than ViMD at full throttle height it is correctly powered speed for range ViMD
Above full throttle height high RPM required therefore reduce speed to avoid uneconomical engine settings
Aircraft underpowered at sea level
Operating at max boost increase power increase R.P.M S.F.C may improve at first giving slight increase of range with height, but when high R.P.M are required SFC increases more rapidly giving reduction in range. Speed for range aircraft underpowered Vi less than ViMD remains aprox [sic] constant up to full throttle height up to when heigh [sic] RPM make a reduction necessary to avoid unnecessary engine [word]?
EFFECT OF VARIATION OF TEMP (INCREASE)
Constant IAS RPM compensated carb SFC decreases slightly therefore range increase
Uncompensated carb SFC increases slightly therefore range decreases.
At constant boost and IAS full throttle range will allways [sic] decrease more so with uncompensated carb 2.5 percent.
With increase of temp aircraft become less overpowered or more underpowered (due to increase T.A.S) the effect in both casses [sic] on the best speed for range is the same and is a reduction
PERFORMANCE AT LOW SPEEDS
[graph]
[page break]
Minimum speed for cruising is the speed at which a small change of speed the power required is sufficiently large to make the aircraft return rapidly to its mean speed. In rough air bigger changes in speed bigger margin required. Fly a little faster. Tendency to instability biger [sic] movements of control are required biger [sic] changes of speed fly a little fast.
Recommended speed is chosen suffice [sic] above the minimum speed for cont cruising to allow for all normal variations and C of G and stability and average rough air conditions
SUMMARY OF FACTORS AFFECTING S.A.R
1. Speed – drag handling.
2. Weight – drag (C of G)
3. Engine settings – S.F.C. Prop efficiency
4. Height – S.F.C. (prop at height)
5. Air temp – S.F.C.
6. [word]? – average drag
7. Pilot efficiency – use of auto pilot
[table]
Range summary
1. Use max boost and low RPM to obtain optium [sic] IAS
2. Use M.S gear at an altitude such that the optium [sic] I.A.S. is obtained at full throttle but do not fly so high that RPM near the max must be used
[page break]
3 Roughly % change best speed =1/2 to 1/4% change in weight 1/4 (2/3) % change in range = 1 to 1/2 change in weight.
[underlined] EFFECT OF WIND [/underlined]
[calculation of T.M.P.G.]
[calculation of A.M.P.G]
[calculation of TMPG]
[calculations for the above]
Graph shows that best speed for range with a head wind is increased from 155 to 173 TAS aprox [sic] 12% Graph will lack would show a decrease in speed
[calculation]
[page break]
It will be seen that the head wind reduces T.M.P.G. by aprox [sic] 30%. Where as changing our speed for range we regain aprox [sic] 3% it similar effect and it is seen that the loss due to the wind is far in excess that than that gained by increase of speed. Thus it will be seen more probable to change height for more favourable winds were the gain will be a greater % than any obtained by changing speed or operating at full throttle.
[calculation for best INS for wind]
its empirical rule is usely [sic] found for each aircraft where by speed for range is changed 1 mile/hour for a given change in ground speed i.e after speed 1MPH for every 10MPH ground speed
[page break]
[underlined] CLIMB AND DESCENT
Climbing T.H.P. = T.M.P to overcome drag + THP for climb.
[underlined] Vertical Climb [/underlined] it dont [one deleted word] a where range is of no importance and heigh [sic] gained per gall is important factor.
Telling max climbing never and boost gall/hr are fixed so to climb max number of feet per gall we must climb as fast as poss.
[diagram of power for climbing]
Max climb obtained where max power is obtained for climb in threshold region but flight is not now uncomfortable since a good margin of power is available above that now required to maintain speed
[page break]
[diagram of climb/speed ratio]
POWER FOR CLIMB DOUBLED
RATE OF CLIMB “ say from 500FT/MIN to 1000FT/MIN.
TOTAL POWER INCREASE 50% AND SO FUEL CONSUMPTION INCREASES 50% SAY FROM 60 GALLS/HR TO 90 GALLS/HR.
CLIMB PER GALL AT LOWER POWER
[calculation for climb per gallon at lower power]
CLIMB PER GALL AT HIGHER POWER
[calculation for climb per gallon at higher power]
And so increase of power in addition to giving greater rate of climb given more climb per gall and so is more eff in a vertical climb.
[page break]
[underlined] RANGE CLIMB [/underlined]
To climb to where the horizontal distant [sic] is important and there is ample time to available to get height.
The first aprox [sic] ratio would be to climb at best speed for range but a little extra power is required for the climb and so the aircraft is less overpowered or more underpowered than it would be when flying level this means a slight reduction in speed is required to obtain the best speed for range Therefore obtain rate of climb or 200/300 ft/m by a reduction of speed from 5/7MPH and an increase in power.
[underlined] Delayed Climb [/underlined]
Would be employed were [sic] is not [one deleted word] necessary.
[diagram for delayed climb]
[page break]
RANGE DESCENT
[underlined] Descent [/underlined]. Power to overcome drag. Power from engines + power from gravity.
[underlined] Vertical descent [/underlined] distant [sic] covered unimportant.
[underlined] Range descent [/underlined]
Will require [corrected word] most miles per galls. Less power required from engine therefore aircraft more overpowered or less underpowered there for best speed is slightly over best speed for range (in level flight) e.g. reduce power slightly and increase speed aprox [sic] 5 miles/hr to get rate of descent.
[underlined] ENDURANCE [/underlined] Max number of hours flying with min fuel.
Total fuel = G.P.H x No of hours
[diagram of fuel endurance]
[page break]
Thergical [sic] best speed would be the best speed for M.P. but this is not practical and so we fly as slowly as poss for comfort i.e the minimum speed for continuous cruising and as low as poss.
[Height for endurance formulae]
Since endurance flying is at low power 500ft should be taken as safety height.
Endurance decreases 1% per 1000ft of altitude.
[underlined] Speed [/underlined]
Speed is any speed in excess of speed for range flying
[formulae for speed / range / power]
Since V is large the important [indecipherable word] is a V3 and the term b/V has proportaly [sic] has much less affect on the power required. Thus changes in weight will have less effect on the power required to fly at speed than change
CON AFTER 3 PAGES
[page break]
[underlined] WEIGHT AND CENTRE OF GRAVITY DETERMINATION [/underlined]
Requirements
(a) it standard simple method of calculating weight and c of G without use of appliances.
(b) Complete doc proof of safe loading.
(c) It standard prep of aircraft plan (i.e) list showing modifications to be carried of out by MVs and units combined with card index checking system.
[one indecipherable word] is absolute point laid down by the numb usely [sic] near the sect of the leading edge of the main plane but working with different aircraft.
[underlined] Weight [/underlined] Weight [one indecipherable word] to the nearest 16 Arm is the [one decipherable word] felt measured fore and aft parrlel [sic] to the dalium line if any item from the self line to the nearest 05IT.
[underlined] Moments [/underlined] is the weight of an [calculus].
Refference [sic] line. an [indecipherable word] line perpendicular to the aircraft for and aft dalian al [sic]some commence distance forward to the dalian point.
[page break]
[underlined] Tare weight [/underlined] The weight of the aircraft less all removeable [sic] items of equip (Col 9) but modified to a certain standard. Can be found in Vol 4 Sec 4.
1. Aircraft Tire condition and weight and moment only of any mods fitted but not included list of tare mods plus weight and moments of any command mods to give.
2. Weight modified tare condition. Ad [sic] weight and movements of all items of moveable equip. required when aircraft is operating to given role to give.
3. The gives a/c basic condition. The weight and movement of the crew and baggage oil and any other item of equip to give.
4. aircraft weight and cond [sic]less fuel and pay load ad [sic] all items of pay load this gives
5. Aircraft light condition.[Table to accompany above notes]
[page break]
The weight and movement of all fuel is add the given
6. Aircraft condition.
[underlined] Compartment loading [/underlined] procedure. Object to simplify loading of large number of small items of exp of known weight.
1. Aircraft is divided into 10 phicical [sic] compartment letted [sic] A to K no letter I.
2. Aprox [sic] mean arm in round feet is painted inside of each compartment this is known as the centract [sic]. When loading all items are grouped round the central in each compartment the arm of the centrical [sic]is then taken of [sic] all the items.
3. To find aircraft light conditions add weight and movement of all compartments to aircraft less fuel and payload. Weight and movements charts. To simplyfy[sic] calculations the chart consists of weight ploted [sic] against movements so that you can read the [indecipherable word] the C of G levels are also shown on the chart.
CONTINUED 2 PAGES
[page break]
in factors producing parasite drag. Fly at full throttle height for the power require because up to full throttle height power increases and S.F.C. decreases.
For a given required T.A.S. (to make good a required ground speed) the I.A.S will be less if we increase the altitude This means within increased altitude V1 will be nearer V1 MD That is we are approaching nearer to the most eff. Flying condition for A.M.P.G.
[underlined] ASSYMETRIC [sic] FLIGHT] Height will one or more [inserted] (engine failed [/inserted] if windmilling [sic] of feathered prop and the fact that the a/c is crabing [sic] (due to unsymetrical [sic] thrust) all lend to increase parasite drag therefore lest speed for range is reduced. In addition power required from the remaining engine(s) will be greater thus making the aircraft more underpowered or less [one deleted word] overpowered again reducing less speed for range (except in the care of the A/C very much overpowered) were range and speed for range will be increased). Generaly [sic] then in assymetric [sic]
[page break]
flight best speed for range is reduced and range is reduced.
[underlined] TAKE OFF [/underlined]
[Graph for Take Off – speed/time]
5% increase weight 71/2% increase in take of [sic] time
10% “ “ 15% “ “ “ “ “ “
Take of [sic] run is ∝ to W2.
i.e. 3% increase in weight 10% increase T.O. run
8% “ “ “ 16% “ “ “
[page break]
Compartment Loading Tables published with to give a quick guide of distribution of pay load between compartments when any given pay load is to be carried.
The section of the table are laid out in the same manner as the ap. section of the weight and balance clearance form to facilitate compiling.
Remember prove [sic] sal [sic] loading is the weight and ballance [sic] clearance form.
Weigh [sic]
This is intended to provide written prof [sic] of satif [sic] loading of [indecipherable word] a/c. With slide rules no such proff [sic] existed.
It will entail additional work for captain and load control officer but is felt justified with a view to safty [sic]. Loading data in course of prep. will greatly simplfy [sic] its completion. Pending issue of loading data the form [underlined] must be used [/underlined] in combination with ex data. Refference [sic] to data used will go under remarks collumn [sic] of weight and clearance.
[page break]
Compleation [sic] and distrabution [sic] W and B will be comp in Trup [sic], partly by captain and by load control officer. On compleation [sic] it will be certified by person 1/C loading party captain and load control officer.
[underlined] Distribution [underlined]
Original handed to load control officer next step [underlined] Duplicate [/underlined] retained by captain and attached to MC PAPER. Triplicate retained by local officer at place of departure.
Completion.
1. Enter details of flight plan (part 1)
2. Crew baggage part 2 3 4 .
3. Enter details palload [sic] computation (T.MU. )
4. “ payload offered to trafic [sic] (lesser fig col U)
5. “ quantity weight and movement of fuel load TO Landing V to Z
6. C.G limits at bottom of part 2 and C.G limits prefered [sic] by pilot.
Action by load control officer.
1. He will decide load distribution from loading tables and will enter data on loading plan (fig 9) giving seperate [sic] details for pass mail freight
[page break]
2. He hands loading plan to I/C loading party to carry out.
3. On receipt of loading plan on comp of loading he checks the captains entrys [sic].
4. Enters details in sec A to K. on W.B from loading plan.
5. Enters details in col V V1 V2 Certification of W an [sic] B form by the loader that load has been dest as shown on the loading plan [underlined] 2 [/underlined] By load control officer that he has checked loading and is satisfied with the dist.
3. By the captain that O/C is safely loaded load is securely lashed and C of G is within limits.
Captain [underlined] is finely [sic] responsible for [/underlined] loading
[page break]
LOADING DATA
1. DETAILS OF MODS INCORPEDATED [sic]
2. “ “ BASIC WEIGHT EX
3. COMPARTMENT LOADING PLAN
4. WEIGHT MOMENT CHART
5. COMPARTMENT LOADING TABLES
6. LOADING PLAN (FIG 9)
7. WEIGHT AND BALLANCE [sic] CLEARANCE FORM
8. AIRCRAFT LOADSHEET
[page break]
[underlined] AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE TESTING [/underlined]
Much carefull [sic] prep on the ground by pilot and crew.
2. Necessary to prepare and complete a flight plan for each member of crew & aircraft is being tested for eco the pilot may require from 10 to 15 min to settle his speed when IDS has settled pilot should warn the crew that they may take reading he should note his height at com the run and endeavour to maintain that height during the run.
Equip required.
A. Standard equip
B. Flow meters
C. Air mileage unit for accurate of T.A.S.
D. Stop watches
E. [indecipherable word] sensitive altitude metres set to 10/3 MB
F. Instruments should be calibrated
G. Free air cannot be trusted see met. Take off weight must be assested [sic] as accurate as poss.
This may be done by carefull [sic] check of equip against loading chart And the fuel in the tanks should be checked as accurately as poss
[page break]
[Table showing ready to start run checks]
[page break]
TO CHECK WITH ENGINEER
[Table for readings and clock times]
Find out if the engine obeys H R L REVS Unless aircraft is to be tested it will be necessary to examing [sic] the power altitude [indecipherable word] at height is chosen al [sic] watch the throttle is likely to be open A series of reves [sic] and boost
[page break]
watch range of power and with what combination the best AMPG results are obtained.
In order to find out the mean weight for the best of series of combination are tested and then repeated in the reverse order giving an average result at a weight aprox [sic] for TO with half fuel consumed.
[page break]
[page break]
[Page of calculations]
[page break]
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Ernie Twells' notebook
Description
An account of the resource
Ernie Twells' engineering notebook covering the theory of aircraft engines
Creator
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Ernie Twells
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
One notebook of 70 pages of handwritten notes.
Language
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eng
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text. Training material
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
MTwellsE171780-151026-06
Coverage
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Royal Air Force
Contributor
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Alan Pinchbeck
Trevor Hardcastle
Gemma Clapton
David Bloomfield
Publisher
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IBCC Digital Archive
Rights
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This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
training
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Terry Hancock
Gemma Clapton
Description
An account of the resource
<p>RAF Sturgate was a Bomber Command training station located in Lincolnshire, 4 miles (6 kms) south-east of Gainsborough.<br /><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=RAF+Sturgate" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>See all Archive items</strong></a> | <strong><a href="https://losses.internationalbcc.co.uk/?takeoff-stations=Sturgate&select-search-options%5B%5D=takeoff-stations&_token=mebTm5EIx2lRCtMWNwpmfHjqV5wzbPtEYox3Hnyq&losses_form=7f8a0f6148&orderby=surname&order=asc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all wartime losses</a></strong> | <strong><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/neatline/fullscreen/places#records/471" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Explore nearby</a></strong><br /><br />It opened in April 1944 as part of <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=1+Group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">1 Group</a> and initially it was used as a relief landing ground for 1 <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Lancaster+finishing+school" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lancaster Finishing School</a> at <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/5681" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Hemswell</a>. It also housed the Night Bombing Training School. The station was not operational during the war but was equipped with the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=FIDO" target="_blank" rel="noopener">FIDO</a> fog dispersal system.</p>
Refinements:<br /> <span style="font-size: small;"><code><span> <br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Artwork&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=RAF+Sturgate&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Artwork</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=RAF+Sturgate&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=RAF+Sturgate&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Correspondence&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=RAF+Sturgate&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Correspondence</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map.+Navigation+chart+and+log&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=RAF+Sturgate&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map. Navigation chart and log</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Diary&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=RAF+Sturgate&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Diary</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Moving+image&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=RAF+Sturgate&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Moving image</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Log+book+and+record+book&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=RAF+Sturgate&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Log book and record book</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Photograph&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=RAF+Sturgate&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Photograph</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Memoir&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=RAF+Sturgate&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Memoir</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=RAF+Sturgate&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Personal+research&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=RAF+Sturgate&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Personal research</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Clothing&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=RAF+Sturgate&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Clothing</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Poetry&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=RAF+Sturgate&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Poetry</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Decoration&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=RAF+Sturgate&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Decoration</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Service+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=RAF+Sturgate&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Service material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Sound&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=RAF+Sturgate&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Sound</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Training+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=RAF+Sturgate&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Training material<br /></a><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Technical+aid&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=RAF+Sturgate&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Technical aid<br /><br /></a></span></code> Item type refinement is covered in the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/faq">FAQ section</a>, questions 12 and 13. The Archive also comes with a range of tools for searching and browsing content: please see the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/help">help page</a>.</span>
Title
A name given to the resource
RAF Sturgate [entry point]
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Clare Bennett
Julian Maslin
Gemma Clapton
Malcolm Young
Description
An account of the resource
<p><strong><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=466+Squadron" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all Archive items</a> </strong>| <strong><a href="https://losses.internationalbcc.co.uk/?squadron=466&select-search-options%5B%5D=squadron&_token=LjvyiA2byr30oMmg2lZRqjBU6m7MNwWH4u9tMiqQ&losses_form=7f8a0f6148&orderby=surname&order=asc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all wartime losses</a></strong></p>
466 <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=38&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Royal+Australian+Air+Force" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Royal Australian Air Force</a> Squadron was formed in October 1942 as part of <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=4+Group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">4 Group</a> at <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/5659" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Driffield</a>. Although an Australian squadron the majority of its personnel were originally British and it was only towards the end of the war that the squadron gained a dominant Australian character. It moved to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/6441" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Leconfield</a> shortly after forming but returned to RAF Driffield in June 1944 until the end of the war. Originally equipped with <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Wellington" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wellingtons</a> it converted to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Halifax" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Halifaxes</a> in late 1943. <br /><br /><span style="font-size: small;">Refinements:<br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><code><span> <br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Artwork&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=466+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Artwork</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=466+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=466+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Correspondence&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=466+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Correspondence</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map.+Navigation+chart+and+log&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=466+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map. Navigation chart and log</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Diary&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=466+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Diary</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Moving+image&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=466+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Moving image</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Log+book+and+record+book&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=466+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Log book and record book</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Photograph&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=466+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Photograph</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Memoir&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=466+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Memoir</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=466+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Personal+research&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=466+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Personal research</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Clothing&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=466+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Clothing</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Poetry&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=466+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Poetry</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Decoration&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=466+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Decoration</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Service+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=466+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Service material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Sound&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=466+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Sound</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Training+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=466+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Training material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Technical+aid&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=466+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Technical aid<br />
</a></span></code></span> <br />Item type refinement is covered in the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/faq">FAQ section</a>, questions 12 and 13. The Archive also comes with a range of tools for searching and browsing content: please see the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/help">help page</a>.
Title
A name given to the resource
466 Squadron [entry point]
466 (RAAF) Squadron [entry point]
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Nigel Moore
Gemma Clapton
Description
An account of the resource
<p><strong><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=431+Squadron" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all Archive items</a></strong> | <strong><a href="https://losses.internationalbcc.co.uk/?squadron=431&select-search-options%5B%5D=squadron&_token=LjvyiA2byr30oMmg2lZRqjBU6m7MNwWH4u9tMiqQ&losses_form=7f8a0f6148&orderby=surname&order=asc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all wartime losses</a></strong></p>
<p>431 Squadron a Canadian squadron formed in November 1942 as part of <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=4+Group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">4 Group</a> but transferred to the Canadian <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=6+Group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">6 Group</a> before it became operational. It was originally based at <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/6400" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Burn</a> and equipped with <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Wellington" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wellingtons</a>. In July 1943 it converted to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Halifax" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Halifaxes</a> and moved to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/24545" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Tholthorpe</a>. Its final station was <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/6405" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Croft</a> from December 1943 to the end of the war. Its Halifaxes were superseded in October 1944 by Canadian-built <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Lancaster" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lancasters</a>. The squadron returned to Canada in June 1945.</p>
<span style="font-size: small;">Refinements:<br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><code><span> <br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Artwork&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=431+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Artwork</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=431+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=431+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Correspondence&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=431+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Correspondence</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map.+Navigation+chart+and+log&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=431+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map. Navigation chart and log</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Diary&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=431+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Diary</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Moving+image&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=431+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Moving image</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Log+book+and+record+book&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=431+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Log book and record book</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Photograph&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=431+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Photograph</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Memoir&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=431+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Memoir</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=431+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Personal+research&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=431+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Personal research</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Clothing&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=431+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Clothing</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Poetry&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=431+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Poetry</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Decoration&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=431+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Decoration</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Service+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=431+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Service material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Sound&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=431+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Sound</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Training+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=431+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Training material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Technical+aid&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=431+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Technical aid<br />
</a></span></code></span> <br />Item type refinement is covered in the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/faq">FAQ section</a>, questions 12 and 13. The Archive also comes with a range of tools for searching and browsing content: please see the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/help">help page</a>.
Title
A name given to the resource
431 Squadron [entry point]
RCAF 431 (Iroquois) Squadron [entry point]
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
429 Squadron [entry point]
RCAF 429 (Bison) Squadron
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Terry Hancock
Nigel Moore
Gemma Clapton
Description
An account of the resource
<p><strong><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=429+Squadron" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all Archive items</a> </strong>| <strong><a href="https://losses.internationalbcc.co.uk/?squadron=429&select-search-options%5B%5D=squadron&_token=LjvyiA2byr30oMmg2lZRqjBU6m7MNwWH4u9tMiqQ&losses_form=7f8a0f6148&orderby=surname&order=asc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all wartime losses</a></strong></p>
429 Squadron was a Canadian squadron formed at <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/5664" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF East Moor</a> with <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Wellington" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wellingtons</a> in November 1942 as part of <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=4+Group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">4 Group</a>. In April 1943 it transferred to the Canadian <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=6+Group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">6 Group</a> in April 1943 and in August 1943 it moved to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/5763" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Leeming</a> and converted to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Halifax" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Halifaxes</a>. In March 1945 it switched to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Lancaster" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lancasters</a> which it used for the last two months of the war. The squadron took part in <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Operation+Dodge+%281945%29" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Operation Dodge</a>, the repatriation of service personnel from Italy. <br /><br /><span style="font-size: small;">Refinements:<br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><code><span> <br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Artwork&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=429+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Artwork</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=429+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=429+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Correspondence&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=429+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Correspondence</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map.+Navigation+chart+and+log&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=429+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map. Navigation chart and log</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Diary&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=429+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Diary</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Moving+image&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=429+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Moving image</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Log+book+and+record+book&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=429+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Log book and record book</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Photograph&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=429+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Photograph</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Memoir&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=429+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Memoir</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=429+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Personal+research&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=429+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Personal research</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Clothing&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=429+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Clothing</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Poetry&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=429+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Poetry</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Decoration&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=429+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Decoration</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Service+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=429+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Service material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Sound&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=429+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Sound</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Training+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=429+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Training material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Technical+aid&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=429+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Technical aid<br />
</a></span></code></span> <br />Item type refinement is covered in the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/faq">FAQ section</a>, questions 12 and 13. The Archive also comes with a range of tools for searching and browsing content: please see the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/help">help page</a>.
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Terry Hancock
Nigel Moore
Gemma Clapton
Description
An account of the resource
<p><strong><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=428+Squadron" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all Archive items</a> </strong>| <strong><a href="https://losses.internationalbcc.co.uk/?squadron=428&select-search-options%5B%5D=squadron&_token=LjvyiA2byr30oMmg2lZRqjBU6m7MNwWH4u9tMiqQ&losses_form=7f8a0f6148&orderby=surname&order=asc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all wartime losses</a></strong></p>
428 Squadron was a Canadian squadron formed in November 1942 at <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/6406" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Dalton</a> as part of <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=4+Group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">4 Group</a> equipped with <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Wellington" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wellingtons</a>. It transferred to the Canadian <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=6+Group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">6 Group</a> in January 1943 and moved to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/6455" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Middleton St George</a> in June 1943 where it converted to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Halifax" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Halifaxes</a>. The squadron converted to Canadian-built <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Lancaster" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lancasters</a> in June 1944 which it operated until the end of the war when it returned to Canada in May 1945. <br /><br /><span style="font-size: small;">Refinements:<br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><code><span> <br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Artwork&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=428+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Artwork</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=428+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=428+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Correspondence&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=428+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Correspondence</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map.+Navigation+chart+and+log&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=428+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map. Navigation chart and log</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Diary&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=428+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Diary</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Moving+image&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=428+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Moving image</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Log+book+and+record+book&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=428+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Log book and record book</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Photograph&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=428+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Photograph</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Memoir&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=428+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Memoir</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=428+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Personal+research&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=428+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Personal research</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Clothing&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=428+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Clothing</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Poetry&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=428+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Poetry</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Decoration&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=428+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Decoration</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Service+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=428+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Service material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Sound&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=428+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Sound</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Training+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=428+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Training material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Technical+aid&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=428+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Technical aid<br />
</a></span></code></span> <br />Item type refinement is covered in the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/faq">FAQ section</a>, questions 12 and 13. The Archive also comes with a range of tools for searching and browsing content: please see the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/help">help page</a>.
Title
A name given to the resource
428 Squadron [entry point]
RCAF 428 (Ghost) Squadron [entry point]
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Terry Hancock
Nigel Moore
Gemma Clapton
Description
An account of the resource
<p><strong><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=427+Squadron" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all Archive items</a> </strong>| <strong><a href="https://losses.internationalbcc.co.uk/?squadron=427&select-search-options%5B%5D=squadron&_token=LjvyiA2byr30oMmg2lZRqjBU6m7MNwWH4u9tMiqQ&losses_form=7f8a0f6148&orderby=surname&order=asc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all wartime losses</a></strong></p>
427 Squadron was a Canadian squadron formed in November 1942 at <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/6405" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Croft</a> equipped with <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Wellington" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wellingtons</a> as part of <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=4+Group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">4 Group</a>. The station and squadron transferred to the Canadian <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=6+Group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">6 Group</a> in January 1943 and the squadron then moved to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/5763" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Leeming</a> in May 1943 where it converted to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Halifax" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Halifaxes</a>. It converted to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Lancaster" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lancasters</a> in February 1945 which it used until the end of the war. The squadron took part in <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Operation+Exodus+%281945%29" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Operation Exodus</a>, the repatriation of ex-<a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=prisoner+of+war" target="_blank" rel="noopener">prisoners of war</a>. <br /><br /><span style="font-size: small;">Refinements:<br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><code><span> <br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Artwork&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=427+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Artwork</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=427+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=427+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Correspondence&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=427+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Correspondence</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map.+Navigation+chart+and+log&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=427+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map. Navigation chart and log</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Diary&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=427+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Diary</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Moving+image&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=427+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Moving image</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Log+book+and+record+book&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=427+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Log book and record book</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Photograph&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=427+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Photograph</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Memoir&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=427+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Memoir</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=427+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Personal+research&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=427+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Personal research</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Clothing&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=427+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Clothing</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Poetry&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=427+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Poetry</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Decoration&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=427+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Decoration</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Service+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=427+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Service material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Sound&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=427+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Sound</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Training+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=427+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Training material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Technical+aid&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=427+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Technical aid<br />
</a></span></code></span> <br />Item type refinement is covered in the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/faq">FAQ section</a>, questions 12 and 13. The Archive also comes with a range of tools for searching and browsing content: please see the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/help">help page</a>.
Title
A name given to the resource
427 Squadron [entry point]
RCAF 427 (Lion) Squadron [entry point]
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Terry Hancock
Nigel Moore
Gemma Clapton
Description
An account of the resource
<p><strong><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=426+Squadron" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all Archive items</a></strong> | <strong><a href="https://losses.internationalbcc.co.uk/?squadron=426&select-search-options%5B%5D=squadron&_token=LjvyiA2byr30oMmg2lZRqjBU6m7MNwWH4u9tMiqQ&losses_form=7f8a0f6148&orderby=surname&order=asc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all wartime losses</a></strong></p>
<p>426 Squadron was a Canadian squadron formed in October 1942 at <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/6407" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Dishforth</a> with <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Wellington" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wellingtons</a> as part of <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=4+Group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">4 Group</a>. The station and squadron transfered to the Canadian <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=6+Group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">6 Group</a> in January 1943. In June 1943 the squadron moved to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/6445" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Linton-on-Ouse</a> and converted to the radial engined <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Lancaster+Mk+2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lancaster Mk 2</a> which it used until May 1944 when it converted to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Halifax" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Halifaxes</a> which it used until the end of the war.</p>
<span style="font-size: small;">Refinements:<br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><code><span> <br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Artwork&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=426+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Artwork</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=426+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=426+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Correspondence&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=426+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Correspondence</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map.+Navigation+chart+and+log&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=426+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map. Navigation chart and log</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Diary&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=426+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Diary</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Moving+image&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=426+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Moving image</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Log+book+and+record+book&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=426+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Log book and record book</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Photograph&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=426+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Photograph</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Memoir&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=426+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Memoir</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=426+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Personal+research&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=426+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Personal research</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Clothing&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=426+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Clothing</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Poetry&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=426+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Poetry</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Decoration&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=426+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Decoration</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Service+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=426+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Service material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Sound&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=426+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Sound</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Training+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=426+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Training material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Technical+aid&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=426+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Technical aid<br />
</a></span></code></span> <br />Item type refinement is covered in the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/faq">FAQ section</a>, questions 12 and 13. The Archive also comes with a range of tools for searching and browsing content: please see the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/help">help page</a>.
Title
A name given to the resource
426 Squadron [entry point]
RCAF 426 (Thunderbird) Squadron [entry point]
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Terry Hancock
Nigel Moore
Gemma Clapton
Description
An account of the resource
<p><strong><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=425+Squadron" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all Archive items</a> </strong>| <strong><a href="https://losses.internationalbcc.co.uk/?squadron=425&select-search-options%5B%5D=squadron&_token=LjvyiA2byr30oMmg2lZRqjBU6m7MNwWH4u9tMiqQ&losses_form=7f8a0f6148&orderby=surname&order=asc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all wartime losses</a></strong></p>
425 Squadron was a French Canadian squadron formed at <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/6407" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Dishforth</a> in June 1942 with <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Wellington" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wellingtons</a> as part of <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=4+Group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">4 Group</a>, transferring to the Canadian <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=6+Group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">6 Group</a> in January 1943. From May to October 1943 the squadron was based in North Africa before returning to RAF Dishforth and re-joining 6 Group but now equipped with <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Halifax" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Halifaxes</a>. It moved to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/24545" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Tholthorpe</a> in December 1943 from where it operated Halifaxes until its final operation before converting to Canadian-built <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Lancaster" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lancasters</a> in May 1945 in time to return to Canada in June 1945. <br /><br /><span style="font-size: small;">Refinements:<br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><code><span> <br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Artwork&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=425+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Artwork</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=425+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=425+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Correspondence&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=425+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Correspondence</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map.+Navigation+chart+and+log&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=425+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map. Navigation chart and log</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Diary&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=425+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Diary</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Moving+image&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=425+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Moving image</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Log+book+and+record+book&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=425+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Log book and record book</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Photograph&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=425+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Photograph</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Memoir&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=425+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Memoir</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=425+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Personal+research&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=425+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Personal research</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Clothing&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=425+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Clothing</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Poetry&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=425+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Poetry</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Decoration&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=425+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Decoration</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Service+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=425+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Service material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Sound&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=425+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Sound</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Training+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=425+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Training material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Technical+aid&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=425+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Technical aid<br />
</a></span></code></span> <br />Item type refinement is covered in the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/faq">FAQ section</a>, questions 12 and 13. The Archive also comes with a range of tools for searching and browsing content: please see the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/help">help page</a>.
Title
A name given to the resource
425 Squadron [entry point]
RCAF 425 (Alouette) Squadron [entry point]
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Terry Hancock
Nigel Moore
Gemma Clapton
Description
An account of the resource
<p><strong><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=424+Squadron" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all Archive items</a> </strong>| <strong><a href="https://losses.internationalbcc.co.uk/?squadron=424&select-search-options%5B%5D=squadron&_token=LjvyiA2byr30oMmg2lZRqjBU6m7MNwWH4u9tMiqQ&losses_form=7f8a0f6148&orderby=surname&order=asc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all wartime losses</a></strong></p>
424 Squadron was a Canadian squadron formed in October 1942 with <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Wellington" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wellingtons</a> at <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/24543" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Topcliffe</a> as part of <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=4+Group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">4 Group</a>, transferring to the Canadian <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=6+Group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">6 Group</a> the following January. In April 1943 the squadron moved to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/5763" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Leeming</a> for two weeks before moving to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/6406" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Dalton</a> for two weeks. From May to September 1943 the squadron was based in North Africa before re-joining 6 Group but now at <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/6473" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Skipton on Swale</a> converting to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Halifax" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Halifaxes</a>. In January 1945 the squadron converted to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Lancaster" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lancasters</a> for the final months of the war. <br /><br /><span style="font-size: small;">Refinements:<br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><code><span> <br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Artwork&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=424+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Artwork</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=424+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=424+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Correspondence&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=424+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Correspondence</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map.+Navigation+chart+and+log&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=424+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map. Navigation chart and log</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Diary&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=424+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Diary</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Moving+image&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=424+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Moving image</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Log+book+and+record+book&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=424+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Log book and record book</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Photograph&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=424+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Photograph</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Memoir&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=424+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Memoir</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=424+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Personal+research&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=424+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Personal research</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Clothing&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=424+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Clothing</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Poetry&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=424+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Poetry</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Decoration&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=424+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Decoration</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Service+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=424+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Service material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Sound&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=424+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Sound</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Training+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=424+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Training material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Technical+aid&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=424+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Technical aid<br />
</a></span></code></span> <br />Item type refinement is covered in the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/faq">FAQ section</a>, questions 12 and 13. The Archive also comes with a range of tools for searching and browsing content: please see the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/help">help page</a>.
Title
A name given to the resource
424 Squadron [entry point]
RCAF 424 (Tiger) Squadron [entry point]
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Terry Hancock
Gemma Clapton
Nigel Moore
Description
An account of the resource
<p><strong><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=420+Squadron" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all Archive items</a></strong> |<strong> <a href="https://losses.internationalbcc.co.uk/?squadron=420&select-search-options%5B%5D=squadron&_token=LjvyiA2byr30oMmg2lZRqjBU6m7MNwWH4u9tMiqQ&losses_form=7f8a0f6148&orderby=surname&order=asc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all wartime losses</a></strong></p>
420 Squadron was a Canadian squadron formed in December 1941 at <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/5727" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Waddington</a> as part of <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=5+Group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">5 Group</a>. It was initially equipped with <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Hampden" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hampdens</a> but converted to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Manchester" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Manchesters</a> in April 1942. In August 1942 the squadron transferred to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=4+Group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">4 Group</a> at <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/6473" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Skipton on Swale</a> and converted to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Wellington" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wellingtons</a>. The squadron moved to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/6455" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Middleton St George</a> in October 1942 where it transferred into the Canadian <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=6+Group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">6 Group</a> in January 1943. From June to October 1943 it was posted to North Africa. On returning to England it converted to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Halifax" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Halifaxes</a> and re-joined 6 Group but now at <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/6406" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Dalton</a> for five weeks before moving to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/24545" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Tholthorpe</a> in December 1943 from where it operated for the rest of the war. In April 1945 it began to convert to Canadian-built <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Lancaster" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lancasters</a> but never became operational with them. The squadron returned to Canada in June 1945 from where it was allocated to the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Tiger+force" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tiger Force</a> but it hadn’t deployed to the Pacific before Japan’s surrender. <br /><br /><span style="font-size: small;">Refinements:<br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><code><span> <br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Artwork&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=420+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Artwork</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=420+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=420+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Correspondence&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=420+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Correspondence</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map.+Navigation+chart+and+log&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=420+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map. Navigation chart and log</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Diary&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=420+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Diary</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Moving+image&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=420+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Moving image</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Log+book+and+record+book&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=420+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Log book and record book</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Photograph&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=420+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Photograph</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Memoir&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=420+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Memoir</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=420+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Personal+research&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=420+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Personal research</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Clothing&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=420+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Clothing</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Poetry&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=420+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Poetry</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Decoration&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=420+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Decoration</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Service+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=420+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Service material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Sound&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=420+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Sound</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Training+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=420+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Training material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Technical+aid&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=420+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Technical aid<br />
</a></span></code></span> <br />Item type refinement is covered in the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/faq">FAQ section</a>, questions 12 and 13. The Archive also comes with a range of tools for searching and browsing content: please see the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/help">help page</a>.
Title
A name given to the resource
420 Squadron [entry point]
RCAF 420 (Snowy Owl) Squadron [entry point]
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Nigel Moore
Gemma Clapton
Clare Bennett
Julian Maslin
Description
An account of the resource
<p><strong><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=304+Squadron" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all Archive items</a></strong> | <strong><a href="https://losses.internationalbcc.co.uk/?squadron=304&select-search-options%5B%5D=squadron&_token=LjvyiA2byr30oMmg2lZRqjBU6m7MNwWH4u9tMiqQ&losses_form=7f8a0f6148&orderby=surname&order=asc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all wartime losses</a></strong></p>
304 Squadron was one of four Polish Squadrons in Bomber Command. It was formed in August 1940 at <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/6395" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Bramcote</a> with <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Battle" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Battles</a>. In December 1940 it became part of <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=1+Group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">1 Group</a>, moved to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/5719" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Syerston</a> and converted to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Wellington" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wellingtons</a>, which it flew for the rest of the war. The squadron became operational in April 1941 and moved to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/5688" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Lindholme</a> in July 1941. It served with Bomber Command until May 1942 when it transferred to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=38&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Royal+Air+Force.+Coastal+Command" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Coastal Command</a> until the end of the war. <br /><br /><span style="font-size: small;">Refinements:<br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><code><span> <br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Artwork&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=304+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Artwork</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=304+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=304+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Correspondence&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=304+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Correspondence</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map.+Navigation+chart+and+log&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=304+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map. Navigation chart and log</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Diary&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=304+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Diary</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Moving+image&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=304+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Moving image</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Log+book+and+record+book&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=304+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Log book and record book</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Photograph&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=304+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Photograph</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Memoir&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=304+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Memoir</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=304+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Personal+research&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=304+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Personal research</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Clothing&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=304+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Clothing</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Poetry&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=304+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Poetry</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Decoration&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=304+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Decoration</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Service+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=304+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Service material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Sound&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=304+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Sound</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Training+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=304+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Training material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Technical+aid&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=304+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Technical aid<br />
</a></span></code></span> <br />Item type refinement is covered in the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/faq">FAQ section</a>, questions 12 and 13. The Archive also comes with a range of tools for searching and browsing content: please see the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/help">help page</a>.
Title
A name given to the resource
304 Squadron [entry point]
304 (Silesian) Squadron [entry point]
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Clare Bennett
Julian Maslin
Nigel Moore
Gemma Clapton
Description
An account of the resource
<p><strong><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=301+Squadron" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all Archive items</a> </strong>| <strong><a href="https://losses.internationalbcc.co.uk/?squadron=301&select-search-options%5B%5D=squadron&_token=LjvyiA2byr30oMmg2lZRqjBU6m7MNwWH4u9tMiqQ&losses_form=7f8a0f6148&orderby=surname&order=asc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all wartime losses</a></strong></p>
301 Squadron was one of four Polish squadrons in Bomber Command and was formed with <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Battle" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Battles</a> at <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/6395" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Bramcote</a> in July 1940. The squadron moved to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/6482" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Swinderby</a> in August 1940 where it converted to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Wellington" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wellingtons</a>. From July 1941 to April 1943 the squadron was based at <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/5681" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Hemswell</a>. The squadron disbanded in April 1943 with most personnel transferred to No. <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=300+Squadron" target="_blank" rel="noopener">300 Squadron</a> remaining at RAF Hemswell. In November 1944 301 Squadron reformed in Italy in a special duties role with <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Halifax" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Halifaxes</a> and <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=B-24" target="_blank" rel="noopener">B-24s</a> dropping supplies to allied forces. The Squadron returned to the UK in April 1945 as part of <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=38&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Royal+Air+Force.+Transport+Command" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Transport Command</a>. <br /><br /><span style="font-size: small;">Refinements:<br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><code><span> <br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Artwork&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=301+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Artwork</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=301+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=301+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Correspondence&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=301+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Correspondence</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map.+Navigation+chart+and+log&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=301+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map. Navigation chart and log</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Diary&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=301+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Diary</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Moving+image&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=301+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Moving image</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Log+book+and+record+book&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=301+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Log book and record book</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Photograph&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=301+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Photograph</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Memoir&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=301+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Memoir</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=301+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Personal+research&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=301+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Personal research</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Clothing&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=301+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Clothing</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Poetry&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=301+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Poetry</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Decoration&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=301+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Decoration</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Service+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=301+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Service material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Sound&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=301+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Sound</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Training+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=301+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Training material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Technical+aid&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=301+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Technical aid<br />
</a></span></code></span> <br />Item type refinement is covered in the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/faq">FAQ section</a>, questions 12 and 13. The Archive also comes with a range of tools for searching and browsing content: please see the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/help">help page</a>.
Title
A name given to the resource
301 Squadron [entry point]
301 (Pomeranian) Squadron; Land of Pomerania Squadron; Dywizjon Bombowy Ziemi Pomorskiej [entry point]
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Clare Bennett
Julian Maslin
Nigel Moore
Gemma Clapton
Description
An account of the resource
<p><strong><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=300+Squadron" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all Archive items</a> </strong>|<strong> <a href="https://losses.internationalbcc.co.uk/?squadron=300&select-search-options%5B%5D=squadron&_token=LjvyiA2byr30oMmg2lZRqjBU6m7MNwWH4u9tMiqQ&losses_form=7f8a0f6148&orderby=surname&order=asc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all wartime losses</a></strong></p>
<p>300 Squadron was one of four Polish squadrons in Bomber Command and was formed in July 1940 at <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/6395" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Bramcote</a> with <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Battle" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Battles</a> and manned by Poles who had escaped from Poland and of France. The squadron moved into <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=1+Group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">1 Group</a> at <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/6482" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Swinderby</a> in August 1940 and converted to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Wellington" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wellingtons</a> in October 1940. From July 1941 to May 1942 the squadron was based at <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/5681" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Hemswell</a> and from May 1942 to January 1943 it was at <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/5683" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Ingham</a>. It returned to RAF Hemswell until June 1943 before once again returning to RAF Ingham from June 1943 to March 1944. The squadron converted to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Lancaster" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lancasters</a> in March 1944 and moved to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/5667" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Faldingworth</a> from where it operated until the end of the war. <span>At the end of the war the squadron took part in </span><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Operation+Manna+%2829+Apr+%E2%80%93+8+May+1945%29" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Operation Manna</a><span>, dropping food to the Dutch.</span></p>
<span style="font-size: small;">Refinements:<br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><code><span> <br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Artwork&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=300+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Artwork</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=300+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=300+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Correspondence&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=300+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Correspondence</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map.+Navigation+chart+and+log&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=300+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map. Navigation chart and log</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Diary&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=300+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Diary</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Moving+image&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=300+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Moving image</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Log+book+and+record+book&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=300+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Log book and record book</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Photograph&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=300+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Photograph</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Memoir&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=300+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Memoir</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=300+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Personal+research&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=300+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Personal research</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Clothing&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=300+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Clothing</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Poetry&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=300+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Poetry</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Decoration&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=300+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Decoration</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Service+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=300+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Service material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Sound&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=300+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Sound</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Training+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=300+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Training material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Technical+aid&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=300+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Technical aid<br />
</a></span></code></span> <br />Item type refinement is covered in the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/faq">FAQ section</a>, questions 12 and 13. The Archive also comes with a range of tools for searching and browsing content: please see the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/help">help page</a>.
Title
A name given to the resource
300 Squadron [entry point]
300 (Masovian) Squadron; Mazowiecki Squadron [entry point]
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Nigel Moore
Gemma Clapton
Description
An account of the resource
<p><strong><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=227+Squadron" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all Archive items</a></strong> | <strong><a href="https://losses.internationalbcc.co.uk/?squadron=227&select-search-options%5B%5D=squadron&_token=LjvyiA2byr30oMmg2lZRqjBU6m7MNwWH4u9tMiqQ&losses_form=7f8a0f6148&orderby=surname&order=asc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all wartime losses</a></strong></p>
<p>227 Squadron spent most of the war as an anti-shipping and maritime reconnaissance squadron equipped with <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Beaufighter" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Beaufighters</a> operating in the Mediterranean area. The squadron reformed in November 1944 at <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/5636" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Bardney</a> in <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=5+Group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">5 Group</a> equipped with <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Lancaster" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lancasters</a>. The squadron quickly moved to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/6389" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Balderton</a> until April 1945 when it moved to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/6479" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Strubby</a> for the last weeks of the war and from where it took part in <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Operation+Exodus+%281945%29" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Operation Exodus,</a> the repatriation of ex-<a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=prisoner+of+war" target="_blank" rel="noopener">prisoners of war</a>.</p>
<span style="font-size: small;">Refinements:<br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><code><span> <br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Artwork&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=227+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Artwork</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=227+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=227+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Correspondence&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=227+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Correspondence</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map.+Navigation+chart+and+log&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=227+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map. Navigation chart and log</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Diary&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=227+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Diary</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Moving+image&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=227+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Moving image</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Log+book+and+record+book&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=227+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Log book and record book</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Photograph&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=227+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Photograph</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Memoir&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=227+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Memoir</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=227+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Personal+research&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=227+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Personal research</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Clothing&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=227+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Clothing</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Poetry&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=227+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Poetry</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Decoration&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=227+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Decoration</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Service+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=227+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Service material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Sound&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=227+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Sound</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Training+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=227+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Training material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Technical+aid&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=227+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Technical aid<br />
</a></span></code></span> <br />Item type refinement is covered in the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/faq">FAQ section</a>, questions 12 and 13. The Archive also comes with a range of tools for searching and browsing content: please see the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/help">help page</a>.
Title
A name given to the resource
227 Squadron [entry point]
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Clare Bennett
Julian Maslin
Gemma Clapton
Description
An account of the resource
<p><strong><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=226+Squadron" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all Archive items</a></strong> | <strong><a href="https://losses.internationalbcc.co.uk/?squadron=226&select-search-options%5B%5D=squadron&_token=LjvyiA2byr30oMmg2lZRqjBU6m7MNwWH4u9tMiqQ&losses_form=7f8a0f6148&orderby=surname&order=asc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all wartime losses</a></strong></p>
<p>In September 1939 226 Squadron was part of the Advanced Air Striking Force in France flying <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Battle" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Battles</a>. It suffered heavy losses and regrouped at RAF Sydenham before moving to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/show/21790" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Wattisham</a> with <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Blenheim" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Blenheims</a> as part of <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=2+Group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2 Group</a> in May 1941. The squadron converted to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Boston" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bostons</a> in November 1941 and moved to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/21814" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Swanton Morley</a> in December 1941. Converting to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=B-25" target="_blank" rel="noopener">B-25s</a> in May 1943 the squadron moved to <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/9022" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Hartford Bridge</a> in February 1944 as part of the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Second+Tactical+Air+Force" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Second Tactical Air Force</a>. It operated in support of the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Normandy+campaign+%286+June+%E2%80%93+21+August+1944%29" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Normandy campaign</a> and subsequently moved into Europe.</p>
<span style="font-size: small;">Refinements:<br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><code><span> <br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Artwork&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=226+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Artwork</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=226+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=226+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Correspondence&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=226+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Correspondence</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map.+Navigation+chart+and+log&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=226+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map. Navigation chart and log</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Diary&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=226+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Diary</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Moving+image&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=226+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Moving image</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Log+book+and+record+book&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=226+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Log book and record book</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Photograph&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=226+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Photograph</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Memoir&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=226+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Memoir</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=226+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Personal+research&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=226+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Personal research</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Clothing&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=226+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Clothing</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Poetry&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=226+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Poetry</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Decoration&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=226+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Decoration</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Service+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=226+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Service material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Sound&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=226+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Sound</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Training+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=226+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Training material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Technical+aid&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=226+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Technical aid<br />
</a></span></code></span> <br />Item type refinement is covered in the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/faq">FAQ section</a>, questions 12 and 13. The Archive also comes with a range of tools for searching and browsing content: please see the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/help">help page</a>.
Title
A name given to the resource
226 Squadron [entry point]
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Nigel Moore
Gemma Clapton
Description
An account of the resource
<p><strong><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=223+Squadron" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all Archive items</a> </strong>| <strong><a href="https://losses.internationalbcc.co.uk/?squadron=223&select-search-options%5B%5D=squadron&_token=LjvyiA2byr30oMmg2lZRqjBU6m7MNwWH4u9tMiqQ&losses_form=7f8a0f6148&orderby=surname&order=asc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">See all wartime losses</a></strong></p>
<p>In September 1939, 223 Squadron was equipped with Wellesleys and based in Sudan. It served in the Middle East and Mediterranean theatres and was based successively in Yemen, Egypt, Malta and Italy. It operated <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Blenheim" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Blenheims</a>, <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Boston" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bostons</a>, Marylands and Baltimores until being disbanded in Italy in August 1944. The squadron reformed 11 days later at <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/document/21831" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RAF Oulton</a> as part of <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=100+Group" target="_blank" rel="noopener">100 Group</a> in a Bomber Command support role where it operated <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=B-17" target="_blank" rel="noopener">B-17s</a> and <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=B-24" target="_blank" rel="noopener">B-24s</a> in an electronic counter-measures role by disrupting and jamming German radio and radar signals.</p>
<span style="font-size: small;">Refinements:<br /></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><code><span> <br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Artwork&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=223+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Artwork</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=223+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=223+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Correspondence&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=223+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Correspondence</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Map.+Navigation+chart+and+log&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=223+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Map. Navigation chart and log</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Diary&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=223+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Diary</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Moving+image&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=223+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Moving image</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Log+book+and+record+book&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=223+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Log book and record book</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Photograph&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=223+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Photograph</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Memoir&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=223+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Memoir</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=starts+with&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=223+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Personal+research&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=223+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Personal research</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Clothing&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=223+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Clothing</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Poetry&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=223+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Poetry</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Physical+object.+Decoration&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=223+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Physical object. Decoration</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Service+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=223+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Service material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Sound&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=223+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Sound</a> <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Text.+Training+material&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=223+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Text. Training material</a><br /><a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?search=&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bjoiner%5D=and&advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=51&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Technical+aid&range=&collection=&type=&user=&tags=223+Squadron&public=&featured=&exhibit=&subcollections=0&subcollections=1&submit_search=Search+for+items">Technical aid<br />
</a></span></code></span> <br />Item type refinement is covered in the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/faq">FAQ section</a>, questions 12 and 13. The Archive also comes with a range of tools for searching and browsing content: please see the <a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/help">help page</a>.
Title
A name given to the resource
223 Squadron [entry point]