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                  <text>Parkins, Harry</text>
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                  <text>Five items. Two oral history interviews with Harry Parkins (891679 Royal Air Force), his logbook, identity card and one photograph. Harry Parkins was a flight engineer with 630 Squadron and 576 Squadron and flew 30 night time and 17 daylight operations from RAF Fiskerton and RAF East Kirkby. &#13;
&#13;
The collection has been donated to the IBCC Digital Archive by Harry Parkins and catalogued by IBCC Digital Archive staff.</text>
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                  <text>This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.</text>
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                <text>Harry Parkins' flight engineer log book</text>
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                  <text>Two oral history interviews with Wing Commander John Richard Bell DFC (-2024). He was a bomb aimer with 619 and 617 Squadrons  in Flying Officer Bob Knights’ crew.</text>
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              <text>The interview is taking place at Mr Bell’s home in Storrington on 27th July 2015.  During this interview Mr Bell recounts his experiences as a bomb aimer in 617 Squadron.&#13;
JB: I and my crew begged Wing Commander Cheshire when we asked if we could join his squadron and he was sat in his office, very nice man to talk to, we were an experienced crew and he still wanted to know why we wanted to join his squadron, so we told him that we would like to be flying a little lower, nearer the ground, but he said ‘oh, but we’re not going to be doing that any more, we’re operating normally’ which of course they were but they were operating mainly over targets in northern France, practically to the build up to the invasion obviously and one installation that I remember on operation was against the [unclear] works at Limoges which was the first time that Leonard Cheshire had marked the target with his own flares and, er, having found that marking was essential he came over the factory at about two to three hundred feet and dropped twice, to drop flares on the target and to ensure that the French workers in the factory could get out and get into the shelter, the word being that we should try to avoid killing French workers during our bombing campaign.  He was a very compassionate man and very easy to talk to and very good, very easy to get on with, he didn’t stand on ceremony and he didn’t order you to do things, he just asked you to follow him, whatever he was prepared to do, he was an exceptional man, an exceptional leader.  Early in 1944 the Allies became aware of [unclear] reconnaissance of some large structures, concrete structures being built in the Pas de Calais area of France.  They did not know what they were at that time although they suspected they were something to do with the V weapons programme which had been discovered after the attacks on Peenemunde.  Following the attack on Peenemunde it was known that the Germans were developing two weapons, a rocket programme and also a pilot’s - aeroplane programme carrying, each carrying one tonne of explosive warheads.  The V1 launch site was discovered in the Pas de Calais area early in 1944 and also at that time the two large concrete structures which the Allies were not sure of their purpose but felt they were probably connected to the rocket – V2 Rocket programme.  The V1 sites were attacked by Bomber Command throughout the next three months of 1944 and the construction of the - what became known as the V2 programme, the two sites, one in the Eperlecques Forest and one near Saint-Omer at [unclear] were watched as the building progressed but they were large concrete structures and could not be attacked, although they were attacked with conventional weapons but not put out of action until the 617 Squadron was equipped with the Tallboy in June 1944.  The site at [unclear] near Saint-Omer consisted of a chalk quarry with a cliff at the far end of the quarry and on the top of the cliff we saw the construction of a concrete dome, obviously built there to protect the workings within the cliff.  617 Squadron were assigned to attack it on – several times in June and July, I think about four times altogether, mainly because of cloud interfering on two occasions and Tallboys were used to destroy all the facilities of the site and in fact one landed close to this concrete dome which obviously destroyed the foundations of the structure.  One of the operations I was on was the 17th July 1944 and it was a clear day and we approached the site from the north-west and from a long way away I could see quite clearly, from the bomb aimer’s position, the dome covering the installation in the quarry.  We approached at the normal speed of close on one hundred and eighty to two hundred miles an hour and at a height of around eighteen thousand feet.  I signed up er [pause]&#13;
AP: It’s OK John, just keep -&#13;
JB:  I switched on the bomb sight and carried out all of the normal procedures for the bombing run and directed the pilot to - on the bombing run. This took some time, we were on the run for at least five minutes and the - I had the dome in my bomb sight for all of that time and at the appropriate moment the bomb was automatically released.  It was a clear day and I saw the bomb – the Tallboy going down and I followed it all the way down to the target and it exploded just beside the dome, there was an enormous explosion, so that was recorded as an almost - a direct hit and in fact I did shout out ‘Bullseye’ to the crew to let them know that we’d had a pretty good hit.&#13;
AP:  And the consequence of what happened, about what it did, can you talk a little bit about what – later on you discovered that -&#13;
JB:  Later, much later, we discovered that the foundations of the dome - the supports of the dome had been severely disrupted and it had tilted to one side.  Obviously the site was then unusable, other Tallboys had bombed the whole of the site and the whole facility was useless by then.  On the 25th of July 1944 the squadron continued its attacks on the V weapons sites in the Pas de Calais, we bombed the first V2 site that we’d seen at the Eperlecques Forest and this was a large concrete structure which would have taken a great deal of destruction by Tallboys to put it out of action.  It - there were several direct hits on the target on that particular day and eventually the installation was put out of action by our attacks and only the oxygen-producing facility was maintained there.  Both sites were never able to launch V2s as they were programmed to do.  A third construction site was discovered at a village called Mimoyecques, also in the Pas de Calais area, and it was noted that there were a number of concrete underground installations with a pattern of openings in the tops of the structures.  The purpose was not known although it was thought that they were – it was going to be used for the launch of some sort of rocket projectile.  The whole site was bombed by the main force of Bomber Command and also by 617 Squadron and their Tallboys were able to penetrate deep into the earth and destroy the foundations of these concrete structures, thereby putting it out of action.  It was only discovered - the true purpose of the site was discovered after the Armies – the Allied Armies moved through following D-Day and found that it was a site designed to launch projectiles with a warhead of several kilograms towards London and the number of missiles that would have been launched could have been as high as three thousand a day.  The intention of the site was to bombard London with projectiles from these - from this supergun, each carrying a warhead of around thirty kilos of explosive and the intention was from the number of projectiles that they could launch would result in some three thousand shells, so-called shells landing in London every hour and the destruction of the site obviously saved London from an enormous barrage of artillery from long range.  This site at Mimoyecques was extremely difficult to bomb because it was all buried underground and there was very little to see on the surface except two concrete structures but er – and of course the whole of the site had been bombed pretty heavily by the normal weapons by aircraft from Bomber Command and the United States Airforce so the 617 crews had difficulty in seeing the site but nevertheless were accurate enough with their Tallboys.  On July 6th 1944 617 Squadron aircraft, led by the CO, Wing Commander Leonard Cheshire, attacked the site at Mimoyecques with Tallboys and completely destroyed the site.  This operation on the V3 site at Mimoyecques was Wing Commander Cheshire’s one hundredth bombing operation throughout his bombing career from 1941 onwards and he was stood down from bombing following that day, he was then awarded the Victoria Cross for completing all the operations and for his valour in doing so and his leadership and he was followed in command of the squadron by Wing Commander [unclear] Tate, Wing Commander Tate.  In 1941 Barnes Wallis who had given great thought to the bombing of various targets in Germany, particularly those underground or buried installations, and he saw the need for a bomb other than a blast bomb, which was currently in use, a bomb to penetrate the earth and explode below causing some sort of an earthquake.  His thought at that time was for a very large bomber flying at forty thousand feet and carrying a ten tonne bomb which of course was quite impractical at that time, but in 1943 the launch of the Air Ministry brought out his project again and asked him to design something that could be carried by perhaps the aircraft of the day, the Lancaster, and so he designed what became known as the Tallboy and he designed it in three sizes – four thousand pounds, twelve thousand pounds and twenty-two thousand pounds, all at that time called Tallboys.  The four thousand pound was tested and was found not to be as stable as they thought it should be so the fins on the tail were turned to five degrees from the vertical and this helped to - the bomb to spin as it was dropped thereby giving it great stability and the twelve thousand pounder then became known as the Tallboy and the twenty-two thousand pounder was called the Grand Slam, the twelve thousand pounder was issued to 617 Squadron immediately after D-Day and the first operation was against the Saumur tunnel on I think the 9th of June 1944 and the – it was a complete success in destroying the tunnel and from then on the squadron operated almost solely with Tallboys and later with the Grand Slam, the weapons being central in the destruction of the V weapon sites and any other installation that had been buried below the ground.  It had also of course - was later found very – found to be the ideal weapon for destroying bridges and canals so a great weapon by Barnes Wallis again used by the squadron.  On the 5th August 1944 we carried out a daylight attack on the U-Boat pens at Brest.  This was in bright daylight, sunny day, and I can remember dropping my Tallboy onto the area of the pens and I think it hit fairly close by.  My memory of the day is that there was an enormous amount of flak, very heavy flak over the target area but we were, we were not hit, we escaped.  My job in the crew in the Lancaster was as a bomb aimer and also as front gunner if need be and my job was to guide the pilot towards the target and then to concentrate on dropping the bombs on whatever the target was and dropping them as accurate as possible and my abiding picture of the whole of all the operations I did, particularly those over Germany at night, was of approaching the target area - the city that was under attack or was about to be attacked and to be met with a wall of anti-aircraft fire.  The German gunners would fire their shells into a box at around twenty thousand feet, which was the height we were aiming at, aiming to be at, and we just had to fly through that.  It was a pretty awesome sight to behold some miles before we reached the target but by concentrating on what we had to do we just had to ignore it, there was no way you could ig – you could dodge anti-aircraft shells, you just have to fly through them and hope that you’re not going to be hit even by a small amount of shrapnel which of course could damage a vital part of the aeroplane but we were very fortunate that all our operations – that we got through all of them unscathed.  Following the raid on the German dams 617 Squadron later became, became used to operate on many other targets for which it was equipped with a bomb sight, a new bomb sight, the stabilising automatic bomb site, also known as SABS.  This was a precision-built bomb sight and it was not, it was not used in any other – by any other squadron, mainly because it was difficult to build and very few were actually made.  The invention and design of the Tallboy weapon by Barnes Wallis was the – a most important weapon that arrived at the right time in 1944.  It was the only weapon that could have destroyed the targets against which it was used, conventional weapons at that time were blast weapons and would have had little or no effect on the structures that the Tallboy attacked and it was, it was essential of course to use it against targets which were buried underground and also, er, heavily armoured targets like battleships, the [targets ?] could never have been bombed by anything else other than a Tallboy so the Tallboy was really the crux of the whole bombing campaign from 1944 onwards to, to hasten the end of the war by destroying those targets which the Germans hoped to use to counter the invasion forces, it just was the [emphasis] weapon that was needed at the right time.  The Tallboy was carried in the bomb bay and supported in there by a strap which had – the connection of the strap was electrically operated by the bomb sight at the critical moment.  The top of the bomb had a hole drilled in it and in the roof of the bomb bay was a metal plug and the plug was – so when the bomb was hoisted into the bomb bay it married up with the plug and the strap was fitted underneath it and that secured it into the bomb bay.  At a critical moment the bomb sight automatically triggered the release mechanism for the bomb, the strap separated and the bomb dropped out.  The wireless operator’s job was to go back and wind in the two straps – two parts of the strap.  The one thing about the Tallboy was that it was expensive to produce and they could not be produced very quickly so they were in limited supply and we were told that if you can’t drop the bomb, if you can’t see the target, don’t drop it, just don’t drop them all over France said Leonard Cheshire and we were instructed to bring them back which we did on several occasions when cloud obscured the target and – or smoke and if we couldn’t see it clearly then we would bring the Tallboy back and landing with a twelve thousand pounder was not funny and one had to be very careful – the pilot land very carefully which he did of course and there were never any accidents with them as there were never any accidents with the crews that brought back the twenty-two thousand pound Grand Slam when they couldn’t drop it so the aircraft was built to carry it and we never had any problem with it.  Following the raid on Brest on the 5th August I completed – that completed my 50 missions constituting two tours of operations that I could retire from operating now and attend to further duties in training other crews in the training, training line.  The squadron went on to other targets on U-Boat pens and military and, and naval targets throughout the rest of the war.</text>
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                <text>John was a bomb aimer and after completing a tour in Bomber Command, he and his crew volunteered to join 617 Squadron. They were interviewed by Wing Commander Cheshire, who they found to be very compassionate, easy to talk to and who didn't give orders but merely asked others to follow him. The crew were accepted.&#13;
Early in 1944, the Allies discovered sites in France which they suspected were V-1 and V-2 installations. The V-2 sites, near Eperlecques forest and St-Omer were large concrete structures which were attacked by Bomber Command but could not be put out of action by conventional weapons. So the task was given to 617 Squadron using the Tallboy bomb.&#13;
On 17th July, an operation to attack the St-Omer site was launched and John recalls approaching from the north-west at a speed of 200mph and 18,000 feet and could clearly see the concrete dome protecting the site. He watched the bomb going down to explode next to the dome which severely damaged the supports and rendered the site unusable.&#13;
John next attacked the Eperlecques forest site on 25th July and several direct hits put the site out of action. Neither site launched any weapons.&#13;
Another site was discovered near Mimoyecqes in the Pas de Calais area and was attacked by the RAF and USAAF. Being largely underground it was difficult to hit and so on July 6th 617 Squadron, led by Wing Commander Cheshire, successfully put the site out of action using Tallboy bombs. This was Cheshire's 100th mission and he was immediately stood down and awarded the VC. Advancing Allied troops later inspected the installation and found it to be a supergun capable of firing a 30kg explosive shell into London at a rate of 3000 shells per day.&#13;
John was an admirer of Barnes Wallace and describes in detail two of his inventions, the Tallboy and Grand Slam bombs. The first of these was issued to 617 Squadron and used to destroy the Saumur tunnel on 9th June 1944 and proved its effectiveness in destroying underground structures. He describes the Tallboy installation and remembers that, due to their scarcity and expense, they were ordered to bring back the bomb if unable to obtain a successful release.&#13;
John's next operation was to the U-boat pens at Brest and recalls very heavy flak. His abiding picture of all his operation was the wall of anti-aircraft fire that he met, there was no avoidance and he just hoped to get through unscathed.&#13;
The operation to Brest was John's 50th and he was moved to a training role. &#13;
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                  <text>19 items. The collection concerns Flying Officer Ernie Twells DFC (1909 - 1979, 6042416, 805035  Royal Air Force) and contains his log books training notebooks, his medals and  lucky mascot. It also includes a scrap book of photographs. &#13;
Ernie Twells served as an engine fitter before remustering as a flight engineer. He completed 65 operations with 619 and 617 Squadrons including sinking the Tirpitz.  &#13;
&#13;
The collection has been loaned to the IBCC Digital Archive for digitisation by Ernest Twells and catalogued by Barry Hunter.</text>
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                  <text>This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.</text>
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                <text>Ernie Twells’ navigator’s, air bomber’s and air gunner’s flying log book</text>
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                <text>Royal Air Force Flying Log Book for Ernie Twells, flight engineer, covering the period from 15 June 1943 to 19 August 1945. Detailing training, operations flown and post war flying. He was stationed at RAF Swinderby, RAF Woodhall Spa, RAF Bramcote, and RAF Nuneaton. Aircraft flown in were Lancaster, Wellington and Dakota. He flew 65 operations. 24 Night operations with 619 Squadron. 25 Daylight and 16 Night with 617 Squadron. Targets were Anthéor Viaduct, Berlin, Boulogne, Brest, Brunswick, Düsseldorf, Essen, Etaples, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Hannover, Juvisy-Paris, Kassel, La Pallice, Le Havre, Leipzig, Lorient, Lyon, Milan, Modane, Munich, Nurnberg, Pas de Calais, Rilly La Montagne, Saumur Tunnel, Siracourt, St Cyr-Paris, St Etienne, Tirpitz-Alten Fjord, Tirpitz-Tromso, Toulouse, Watten and Wizernes. His pilot on operations was Flight Lieutenant Knights.</text>
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&#13;
The collection has been loaned to the IBCC Digital Archive for digitisation by Arthur Atkins and catalogued by Nigel Huckins.</text>
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                <text>Pilots flying log book for Arthur Atkins, covering the period from 12 November 1942 to 12 July 1945. Detailing his flying training, operations flown and instructor duties. He was stationed at RAAF Benalla, RAAF Somers, RAAF Malalla, RAAF Ascot Vale, RAAF Point Cook, RAAF Bradfield Park, RAF Brighton, RAF Andover, RAF Greenham Common, RAF Long Newnton, RAF Lichfield, RAF Church Broughton, RAF Boston Park, RAF Wescott, RAF Blyton, RAF Hemswell, RAF Kelstern, RAF Sandtoft and RAF Gamston. Aircraft flown were, DH 82 Tiger Moth, Wackett, Anson, Oxford, Wellington, Halifax and Lancaster. He completed a total of 31 operations with 625 squadron, 15 night and 16 daylight. Targets were Orleans, Foret de Croc, Caen, Sémerville, Wizernes, Kiel, Rüsselsheim, Tours, Le Havre, Rheine-Salzbergen, Saarbrucken, Fort Frederik Hendrik, Essen, Ardouval, Stuttgart, Le Landes, Pauillac, Fontenay-le-Marmion, Stettin, Ghent-Terneuzen Canal, Raimbert, Frankfurt, Calais, Emmerich, Duisberg and Koln. His pilot for his first 'second dickie' operation was Flying Officer Slade.</text>
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A.407. 10th. JUNE (Personal for Officer Commanding) The following message has been received from A.O.C.-in-C Bomber Command. Please give my congratulations to all concerned in the attack on Saumur Tunnel. The results speak for themselves of the astonishing skill and efficiency shown.</text>
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              <text>[underlined] RAILWAY TUNNEL AND BRIDGE, SAUMUR. [/underlined]&#13;
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[underlined] NARRATIVE. [/underlined]&#13;
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On the 8th June, 1944, the squadron had been detailed to attack a special target and by late afternoon the plans for the attack had almost been completed. At this point, however, this operation was cancelled and an entirely new operation ordered. In response to a request from the army, the squadron was to attack the railway Tunnel at Saumur, an important railway junction in Western France. Although the Marshalling Yards at Saumur had already been successfully attacked, enemy troops were still reaching the invasion area from South Western France and the only way to stop this flow of reinforcements was to cut the line which ran just east of Saumur.&#13;
The target was very small and to make the attack really successful, extremely accurate bombing was necessary. It was decided to use, for the first time, a new type of bomb which had recently become available in small numbers. This was the 12,000 lb penetration bomb.&#13;
The flare force was to carry a load of 1,000 lb bombs and was detailed to attack the bridge, which carried the line across the river at the northern end of the tunnel.&#13;
The attack opened on time and although most of the flares fell to the south and east of the tunnel the Force Leader was able to identify the target without illumination. He dropped four red spot fires as markers and these fell on the railway tracks just South of the tunnel entrance.&#13;
The bombing, as usual, was of a high standard. There was a direct hit on the roof of the tunnel, two hits on the tracks just south of the tunnel entrance and the remainder of the bombs fell within 50/100 yards of the aiming point. Two aircraft bombed on the fires as the markers had been extinguished by a direct hit toward the end of the attack. &#13;
The attack on the bridge was not quite so successful. In spite of the lack of flare illumination most of crews were able to identify their target and a marker was put down within 50 yards of the aiming point by F/Lt. Fawke. Unfortunately this could not be done until some time after the bombing had commenced as F/Lt Fawke had been standing by to mark the tunnel had the Leader been unable to do so. However, bombing was well concentrated and there was at least one direct hit on the bridge.</text>
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              <text>[underlined] INTERPRETATION REPORT. [/underlined]&#13;
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[underlined] SAUMUR (TUNNEL). [/underlined]&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] PROVISIONAL STATEMENT OF DAMAGE. [/underlined]&#13;
&#13;
The greatest concentration of craters lies to the Southern end of the target area, where severe damage has been done to tracks and embankment. One hit is seen on the tunnel at the extreme South end.&#13;
The following items of damage are seen.&#13;
1. Direct hit on roof of tunnel only a few feet from S. entrance.&#13;
2. All tracks cut at a distance of approx.. 100 yds. from S. entrance.&#13;
3. Near miss to road/rail intersection 185 yds. from S. entrance, cutting all tracks and blocking the road with debris.&#13;
4. Crater in road approx.. 150 yds. West of S. entrance.&#13;
5. 17 craters within a radius of 220 yds. of S. entrance destroying or damaging several small buildings.&#13;
6. Two direct hits on buildings approx.. 50 yds. West of the N. entrance.&#13;
7. Large crater blocking road approx.. 180 yds. East of N. entrance.</text>
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                <text>Concentration of craters at south end of target area, severe damage to tracks and embankment. Notes direct hit in roof of tunnel a few feet from south entrance and lists six other areas of damage.</text>
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                  <text>Baron Cheshire</text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="208178">
                  <text>375 items concerning Group Captain Leonard Cheshire VC, OM, DSO &amp;amp; Two Bars, DFC. Collection consists of photographs of people, vehicles, places, aircraft, weapons and targets; documents including, private and service letters, signals, telegrams, intelligence reports, crew lists and official documents. Cheshire served on 102 and 35 Squadrons and commanded 76 and 617 Squadrons. The collection includes details of 617 Squadron's precision bombing operations. Also included are two sub-collections: one containing 21 photographs of &lt;a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/show/1295"&gt;Tinian and Saipan&lt;/a&gt;, the other consisting of 37 audio tapes of &lt;a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/show/2230"&gt;speeches given by Cheshire&lt;/a&gt; after the war. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The collection has been licenced to the IBCC Digital Archive by The Leonard Cheshire Archive and catalogued by Nigel Huckins.</text>
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            <element elementId="47">
              <name>Rights</name>
              <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="542419">
                  <text>This content is property of the Leonard Cheshire Archive which has kindly granted the International Bomber Command Centre Digital Archive a royalty-free permission to publish it. Please note that it was digitised by a third-party which used technical specifications that may differ from those used by International Bomber Command Centre Digital Archive. It has been published here ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre.</text>
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                  <text>Permission granted for commercial projects</text>
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                  <text>2019-06-25</text>
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              <text>[underlined] DATE: [/underlined] NIGHT 8/9th JUNE, 1944.&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] TARGET: [/underlined] RAILWAY TUNNEL AND RAILWAY BRIDGE, SAUMUR.&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] ZERO HOUR: [/underlined] 0200 HOURS.&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] LEADER &amp; MARKER NO.1: [/underlined] W/Cdr. Cheshire [underlined] A/C Letter: [/underlined] mos. ‘N’&#13;
Navigator: F/O Kelly [underlined] Bomb Load: [/underlined] 4 Red Spot Fires&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] MARKER NO.2: [/underlined] S/Ldr. Shannon [underlined] A/C Letter: [/underlined] Mos. ‘C’&#13;
Navigator: F/O Sumpter [underlined] Bomb Load: [/underlined] 3 Red Spot Fires 1 Wanganui Flare&#13;
Abortive – port engine overspeeding.&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] MARKER NO.3: [/underlined] F/L Fawke [underlined] A/C Letter: [/underlined] Mos. ‘L’&#13;
Navigator: F/O Bennett [underlined] Bomb Load: [/underlined] 3 Red Spot Fires 1 Wanganui Flare&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] DEPUTY LEADER: [/underlined] S/Ldr. Munro [underlined] A/C Letter: ‘W’ [/underlined]&#13;
F/Engineer: F/S Appleby – Navigator: F/L Rumbles – W/Operator: F/O Pigeon – A/G M.U.: P/O Howarth – Air Bomber: F/L Astbury – A/G Rear: F/O Weeks [underlined] Bomb Load: [/underlined] 1 x 14,000lb.&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] CAPTAIN: [/underlined] S/Ldr. McCarthy [underlined] A/C Letter: [/underlined] ‘Q’&#13;
F/Engineer: - F/O Radcliffe – Navigator: F/O MacLean – W/Operator: W/O Eaton – A/G M.U.: W/O Batson – Air Bomber: F/O Daniel – A/G Rear: F/L Rodger – F/L Currie [underlined] Bomb Load: [/underlined] 1 x 14,000lb.&#13;
[page break]&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] CREWS: [/underlined]&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] CAPTAIN: [/underlined] F/L Kearns [underlined] A/C Letter: [/underlined] ‘U’&#13;
F/Engineer: P/O Henderson – Navigator: F/O Barclay – W/Operator: F/O Ellwood – A/G M.U.: W/O Bickley – Air Bomber: S/l Richardson – A/G Rear: F/O Petch – F/L Tate [underlined] Bomb Load: [/underlined] 1 x 14,000lb&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] CAPTAIN: [/underlined] F/L Wilson [underlined] A/C Letter: [/underlined] ‘N’&#13;
F/Engineer: F/O Phillips – Navigator: F/O Scott – W/Operator: F/O Allen – A/G M.U.: F/S Vaughan – Air Bomber: F/O Finlay – A/G Rear: F/L Chandler [underlined] Bomb Load: [/underlined] 1 x 14,000lb.&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] CAPTAIN: [/underlined] F/L Clayton [underlined] A/C Letter: [/underlined] ‘H’&#13;
F/Engineer: F/O Hill – Navigator: F/O Buttle – W/Operator: F/O Chalmers – A/G M.U.: F/S Sharp – Air Bomber: F/O Watson – A/G Rear: F/S Hume [underlined] bomb Load: [/underlined] 1 x 14,000lb.&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] CAPTAIN: [/underlined] F/O Ross [underlined] A/C Letter: [/underlined] ‘Z’&#13;
F/Engineer: F/O Girling – Navigator: F/O Davies – W/Operator: F/S Hickson – A/G M.U.: F/O Platt – Air Bomber: W/O McClellan – A/G Rear: F/L Scott-Kiddie [underlined Bomb Load: [/underlined] 1 x 14,000lb.&#13;
[underlined] CAPTAIN: [/underlined] F/O Knights [underlined] A/C Letter: [/underlined] ‘A’&#13;
F/Engineer: P/O Twells – Navigator: F/O Rhude – W/Operator: F/O Hosie – A/G M.U.: F/S Pengelly – Air Bomber: P/O Bell – A/G Rear: F/S Derham [underlined] Bomb Load: [/underlined]&#13;
[page break]&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] CREWS [/underlined]&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] CAPTAIN: [/underlined] Lt. Knilans [underlined] A/C Letter: [/underlined] ‘R’&#13;
F/Engineer: P/O Ryall – Navigator: P/O Geller – W/Operator: F/O Knell – A/G M.U.: Sgt. Crosby – Air Bomber: F/O Rogers – A/G Rear: P/O Learmouth [underlined] Bomb Load [/underlined] 1 x 14,000lb.&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] CAPTAIN: [/underlined] F/O Kell [underlined] A/C Letter: [/underlined] ‘P’&#13;
F/Engineer: Sgt. Clark – Navigator: P/O Hager – W/Operator: P/O Evans – A/G M.U.: P/O Snell – Air Bomber: F/O Morieson – A/G Rear: F/O Chapman – F/O Lee [underlined] Bomb Load [/underlined]  1x 14,000lb.&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] CAPTAIN: [/underlined] F/O Willsher [underlined] A/C Letter: [/underlined] ‘T’&#13;
F/Engineer: Sgt. Hurdiss – Navigator: F/O Playford – W/Operator: P/O Bell – A/G M.U.: F/S Salter – Air Bomber: P/O Everett – A/G Rear: F/O Witherick [underlined] Bomb Load [/underlined] 1 x 14,000lb.&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] CAPTAIN: [/underlined] F/O Stout [underlined] A/C Letter [/underlined] ‘Y’&#13;
F/Engineer: P/O Gurney – Navigator: F/O Ingleby – W/Operator: F/S Nuttall – A/G M.U.: P/O C-Underwood – Air Bomber: F/O Rupert – A/G Rear: W/O Smith [underlined] Bomb Load [/underlined] 1 x 14,000lb.&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] CAPTAIN: [/underlined] F/O Duffy [underlined] A/C Letter: [/underlined] ‘C’&#13;
F/Engineer: Sgt. Benting – Navigator: F/O Bell – W/Operator: F/O Pearce – A/G M.U.: F/S McLean – Air Bomber: F/O Woods – A/G Rear: P/O Evans [underlined] Bomb Load [/underlined] 1 x 14,000lb.&#13;
[page break]&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] CREWS: [/underlined] &#13;
&#13;
[underlined] CAPTAIN: [/underlined] F/O Standford [underlined] A/C Letter: [/underlined] ‘F’&#13;
F/Engineer: Sgt. Judson – Navigator: P/O Butler – W/Operator: W/O Jordan – A/G M.U.: F/S Griffiths – Air Bomber: W/O Clarke – A/G Rear: P/O Jewell [underlined] Bomb Load [/underlined] 1 x 14,000lb.&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] CAPTAIN: [/underlined] F/O Cheney [underlined] A/C Letter: [/underlined] ‘V’&#13;
F/Engineer: Sgt. Rosher – Navigator: P/O Welch – W/Operator: F/S Pool – A/G M.U.: F/S McRostie – Air Bomber: F/S Curtis – A/G Rear: F/S Wait [underlined] Bomb Load [/underlined] 1 x 14,000lb.&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] CAPTAIN: [/underlined] F/L Poore [underlined] A/C Letter: [/underlined] ‘O’&#13;
F/Engineer: F/S Johnson – Navigator: F/O Roberts – W/Operator: F/S Thompson – A/G M.U.: F/S Tookey – Air Bomber: F/O Elsey – A/G Rear: F/S Castleman [underlined] Bomb Load [/underlined] 1 x 14,000lb.&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] CAPTAIN: [/underlined] F/L Edward [underlined] A/C Letter: [/underlined] ‘L’&#13;
F/Engineer: F/O King – Navigator: F/O Pritchard – W/Operator: F/S Hobbs – A/G M.U.: P/O Johnston – Air Bomber: F/S Brook – A/G Rear: F/S Isherwood [underlined] Bomb Load [/underlined] 1 x 14,000lb.&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] CAPTAIN: [/underlined] F/l Fearn [underlined] A/C Letter: [/underlined] ‘X’&#13;
F/Engineer: P/O Davies – Navigator: F/S Johnson - W/Operator: F/S Baker – A/G M.U.: F/S W-Williams – Air Bomber: F/O Chadwick – A/G Rear: W/O Kemp [underlined] Bomb Load [/underlined] 1 x 14,000lb.&#13;
[page break]&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] CREWS [/underlined]&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] CAPTAIN: [/underlined] F/O Saunders [underlined] A/C Letter: [/underlined] ‘P’&#13;
F/Engineer: Sgt. Nutley – Navigator: F/S Barron – W/Operator: Sgt. Ward – A/G M.U.: Sgt. Machin – Air Bomber: W/O Allen – A/G Rear: Sgt. Briars [underlined] Bomb Load [/underlined] 8 x 1,0000 G.P. 6 x 7” Clusters&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] CAPTAIN: [/underlined] F/l Reid [underlined] A/C Letter: [/underlined] ‘S’&#13;
F/Engineer: F/S Stewart – Navigator: F/O Peltier – W/Operator: F/O Luker – A/G M.U.: F/S Holt – Air Bomber: P/O Rolton – A/G Rear: W/O Hutton [underlined] Bomb Load [/underlined] 1 x 14,000lb.&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] CAPTAIN: [/underlined] P/O Castagnola [underlined] A/C Letter: [/underlined] ‘O’&#13;
F/Engineer: Sgt. Henderson – Navigator: F/O Gorringe – W/Operator: Sgt. Eaves – A/G M.U.: Sgt. Craig – Air Bomber: Sgt. Evans – A/G Rear Sgt. Ronald [underlined] Bomb Load [/underlined] 8 x 1,000 G.P. 6 x 7” Clusters&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] CAPTAIN: [/underlined] P/O Ross [underlined] A/C Letter: ‘U’&#13;
F/Engineer: Sgt. Walter – Navigator: F/O O’Brien – W/Operator: Sgt. Jenkinson – A/G M.U.: Sgt. King – Air Bomber: F/S Tilby – A/G Rear: Sgt. McKellar [underlined] Bomb Load [/underlined] 8 x 1,000 G.P. 6 x 7” Clusters&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] CAPTAIN: [/underlined] P/O Carey [underlined] A/C Letter: [/underlined] ‘K’&#13;
F/Engineer: Sgt. Cherrington – Navigator: F/S Kerr – W/Operator: Sgt. Young - A/G M.U.: Sgt. Fowle – Air Bomber: W/O McLennan – A/G Rear: F/S Price [underlined] Bomb Load [/underlined] 8 x 1,000 G.P. 6 x 7” Clusters&#13;
[page break]&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] CREWS [/underlined]&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] CAPTAIN: [/underlined] F/O Hamilton [underlined] A/C Letter: [/underlined] ‘G’&#13;
F/Engineer: Sgt. Rooke – Navigator: F/S Jackson – W/Operator: Sgt. Thompson – A/G M.U.: F/S Dadge – Air Bomber: F/O Duck – A/G Rear: F/S Hamilton [underlined] Bomb Load [/underlined] 1 x 14,000lb&#13;
&#13;
[underlined] CAPTAIN: [/underlined] F/O Levy [underlined] A/C Letter: [/underlined] ‘E’&#13;
F/Engineer: Sgt. Groom – Navigator: F/O Fox – W/Operator: Sgt. McGuire – A/G M.U.: Sgt. McNally – Air Bomber: F/O Atkinson – A/G Rear: Sgt. Thomas [underlined] Bomb Load [/underlined] 8 x 1,000 G. P. 6 x 7” Clusters &#13;
&#13;
[underlined] CAPTAIN: [/underlined] P/O Watts [underlined] A/C Letter: [/underlined] ‘N’&#13;
F/Engineer: Sgt. Luck – Navigator: F/S Housden – W/Operator: Sgt. Cooper – A/G M.U.: Sgt. Matthews – Air Bomber: F/S McKay – A/G Rear: P/O Heggie [underlined] Bomb Load [/underlined] 8 x 1,000lb G.P. 6 x 7” Clusters</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Crew list for Saumur tunnel operation</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Provides date - night 8/9 June 1944, target- railway tunnel and bridge, Saumur, zero hour - 0200. Leader and marker no 1 - Wing Commander Cheshire flying Mosquito. Lists pilot and navigator of two other markers flying Mosquito. Lists 25 other crews flying Lancasters with aircraft letter and bomb load. Bomb loads include 1000 lb bombs, 7 inch clusters and 14,000 lb bomb (actually 12,000 lb Tallboy).</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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                <text>MCheshireGL72021-181210-010005, MCheshireGL72021-181210-010006, MCheshireGL72021-181210-010007, MCheshireGL72021-181210-010008. MCheshireGL72021-181210-010009, MCheshireGL72021-181210-010010</text>
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                <text>Royal Air Force</text>
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                <text>Cheshire, Leonard. Bombing of the Samur tunnel (8/9 June 1944)</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="227684">
                <text>This content is property of the Leonard Cheshire Archive which has kindly granted the International Bomber Command Centre Digital Archive a royalty-free permission to publish it. Please note that it was digitised by a third-party which used technical specifications that may differ from those used by International Bomber Command Centre Digital Archive. It has been published here ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre.</text>
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                <text>David Bloomfield</text>
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        <name>Cheshire, Geoffrey Leonard (1917-1992)</name>
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        <name>Mosquito</name>
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        <name>Normandy campaign (6 June – 21 August 1944)</name>
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                  <text>375 items concerning Group Captain Leonard Cheshire VC, OM, DSO &amp;amp; Two Bars, DFC. Collection consists of photographs of people, vehicles, places, aircraft, weapons and targets; documents including, private and service letters, signals, telegrams, intelligence reports, crew lists and official documents. Cheshire served on 102 and 35 Squadrons and commanded 76 and 617 Squadrons. The collection includes details of 617 Squadron's precision bombing operations. Also included are two sub-collections: one containing 21 photographs of &lt;a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/show/1295"&gt;Tinian and Saipan&lt;/a&gt;, the other consisting of 37 audio tapes of &lt;a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/show/2230"&gt;speeches given by Cheshire&lt;/a&gt; after the war. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The collection has been licenced to the IBCC Digital Archive by The Leonard Cheshire Archive and catalogued by Nigel Huckins.</text>
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[Underlined] SAUMER. [/Underlined] (RAILWAY TUNNEL) This photograph was taken on 9th. June 1944 directly after the night attack on the night of 8th/9th. June, 1944 with 12000 lb. bombs. Note the direct hit on the roof of the entrance to the tunnel. This crater, 100 feet wide has penetrated to the lines in the tunnel. The two craters in the cutting approaching the entrance to the tunnel are both nearly 110 feet across. &#13;
[Page break]&#13;
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            </element>
            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="208178">
                  <text>375 items concerning Group Captain Leonard Cheshire VC, OM, DSO &amp;amp; Two Bars, DFC. Collection consists of photographs of people, vehicles, places, aircraft, weapons and targets; documents including, private and service letters, signals, telegrams, intelligence reports, crew lists and official documents. Cheshire served on 102 and 35 Squadrons and commanded 76 and 617 Squadrons. The collection includes details of 617 Squadron's precision bombing operations. Also included are two sub-collections: one containing 21 photographs of &lt;a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/show/1295"&gt;Tinian and Saipan&lt;/a&gt;, the other consisting of 37 audio tapes of &lt;a href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/collections/show/2230"&gt;speeches given by Cheshire&lt;/a&gt; after the war. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The collection has been licenced to the IBCC Digital Archive by The Leonard Cheshire Archive and catalogued by Nigel Huckins.</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="45">
              <name>Publisher</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="542418">
                  <text>IBCC Digital Archive</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="47">
              <name>Rights</name>
              <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="542419">
                  <text>This content is property of the Leonard Cheshire Archive which has kindly granted the International Bomber Command Centre Digital Archive a royalty-free permission to publish it. Please note that it was digitised by a third-party which used technical specifications that may differ from those used by International Bomber Command Centre Digital Archive. It has been published here ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre.</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="63">
              <name>Access Rights</name>
              <description>Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies.</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="710473">
                  <text>Permission granted for commercial projects</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="40">
              <name>Date</name>
              <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="831529">
                  <text>2019-06-25</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="208484">
                <text>Saumur region</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="208485">
                <text>Reconnaissance photograph showing open countryside with road running top left to right and another from bottom left to right. On the reverse '15.6.44, WS G 80, 51:92/25'.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="208486">
                <text>1944-06-15</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="208487">
                <text>One b/w photograph</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="208488">
                <text>Photograph</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="208489">
                <text>MCheshireGL72021-181210-010041, MCheshireGL72021-181210-010042</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="208490">
                <text>Royal Air Force</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="208491">
                <text>Royal Air Force. Bomber Command</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="81">
            <name>Spatial Coverage</name>
            <description>Spatial characteristics of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="208493">
                <text>France</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="208494">
                <text>France--Saumur</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="82">
            <name>Temporal Coverage</name>
            <description>Temporal characteristics of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="208495">
                <text>1944-06-15</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="70">
            <name>Is Part Of</name>
            <description>A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="209214">
                <text>Cheshire, Leonard. Bombing of the Samur tunnel (8/9 June 1944)</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="221673">
                <text>IBCC Digital Archive</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="64">
            <name>License</name>
            <description>A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="224460">
                <text>Royalty-free permission to publish</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="227668">
                <text>This content is property of the Leonard Cheshire Archive which has kindly granted the International Bomber Command Centre Digital Archive a royalty-free permission to publish it. Please note that it was digitised by a third-party which used technical specifications that may differ from those used by International Bomber Command Centre Digital Archive. It has been published here ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="916">
        <name>aerial photograph</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="900">
        <name>bombing of the Saumur tunnel (8/9 June 1944)</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="336">
        <name>Normandy campaign (6 June – 21 August 1944)</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="346">
        <name>reconnaissance photograph</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
