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&#13;
Daddy, Papoos, Sam, left us some fascinating bits and pieces from his time in the War; there are many early photographs, notes, a logbook and scraps of paper, everything from telegrams, to newspaper clippings. He also talked a little about the war years but never with great detail or particular pride, with some effort he was encouraged to list significant events. What follows here is his story, no doubt with many gaps and mistakes but also with some amazing adventures.&#13;
&#13;
The photographs came mainly from the years 1941 to 43, once involved in flying in Mosquitos he was far too busy to take more, that's until he met Mummy. But the log book takes up the flying story and tells us what he got up to.&#13;
&#13;
It seems extraordinary that early on he had a camera at all; he hardly ever took pictures in later life and yet here it's almost as if he had a camera with him all the time.&#13;
&#13;
It was Daddy's Log Book that helped to piece things together and give a sense of order to the pictures, it was a great starting point and should have been handed back at the end of the war. The RAF museum at Hendon took a copy of the logbook and helped in ordering events and then there were some notes written by Daddy himself.&#13;
&#13;
[page break]&#13;
&#13;
[four black and white photographs]&#13;
&#13;
So here is the family, it must be about 1940. Mother, Francis and Father, Sidney and sister Marjorie looking like they are really happy together, Daddy is seen cycling in an Egg and Spoon race! He was a member of the National Cycling Union, we have his badges for that.&#13;
&#13;
He knew Croydon and London, he cycled, he had a warm and happy family and he was bright. He was a scholarship boy with school reports that showed him to be clever, over talkative and sometimes badly behaved. On leaving school he went to Southampton and started training in the Civil Service as a Customs and Excise Officer, he lived in the YMCA.&#13;
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              <text>So Sam came back to England, a dangerous crossing through the North Atlantic. There would have been a convoy of allied boats, the danger being German submarines. He must have had some leave and then started further training and tests at Harwell. In the logbook, his successful Night Vision Test was on 11th October 1941.&#13;
&#13;
He was in Number 15 Operational Training Unit (OTU) from the 7th of November 1941 until the 25th of January 1942, he flew in Ansons and Wellingtons. These were exercises as an Air Observer and Gunner and were all cross country in the UK. At this point his total flying hours were 146.40 by day and 39.05 hours by night, none so far on ‘active’ service. This is part of the squadron he was with, perhaps at Harwell.&#13;
&#13;
[page break]&#13;
&#13;
In February 1942 he went to 38 Squadron, as a navigator flying across the Mediterranean in Wellingtons. He talked about being attacked by German aircraft in Malta; the aeroplanes being delivered by his squadron were destroyed on the airfield. He had to wait for more aircraft to arrive and their supplies were running out. It’s for this reason that he hated corned beef. The logbook shows that in fact this was only his 5th night with the Squadron, he flew into the eye of the storm, at night, to an island without supplies, under attack and now without hope of support. This was between the 16th February and the 4th of March 1942.&#13;
&#13;
Four Wellington aircraft from a delivery flight for Malta were lost overnight. The four were among a group of thirteen which left Gibraltar in darkness heading for Luga. Italian news had reported one Wellington shot down in flames by fighters from Castel Vetrano airfield, with a crew of six taken prisoner. A second Wellington was also reported forced down at Modica by German fighters. The aircraft was undamaged but its crew of seven were captured. A third was shot down into the sea by JU88 aircraft just 45 kilometres from Malta. F/O J Willis-Richards was rescued by an Italian destroyer; the remainder of the crew did not survive. The fourth Wellington crashed on landing at Luga airfield the, the [sic] aircraft was a write-off but the crew escaped uninjured.&#13;
&#13;
This is from a Malta war diary; “Enemy bombers launch yet another series of raids on Malta’s defences, this time concentrating on Luga. 36 High Explosive bombs are dropped on the airfield, including two massive 1000kg ‘Herman’ bombs. Yet again the Island’s infantry battalions are hard at work filling in craters to keep the aerodrome serviceable”.&#13;
&#13;
Later in the month there were Wellington flights from Portreath in Cornwall to Gibraltar, Luxor, Shallufa, Heliopolois and Mersa Matruh, as Navigator. Total flying time so far 219 hours by day and 83 by night.&#13;
&#13;
[photograph of an air-to-air view of a Wellington]&#13;
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              <text>In September Daddy moved to 128 Squadron, carrying out Operations 98 to 100 with this Light Night Striking Force. This squadron was re-formed in September 1944, at Wyton, Huntingdonshire, as a Mosquito light-bomber squadron of No. 7 (Pathfinder) Group, RAF Bomber Command. It formed part of the PFF's Fast Night Striking Force and during the remainder of the war in Europe made many nuisance raids on important industrial centres in Germany. The last operation was a 5000lb bomb over Kassel. Flying out of White Waltham. Total Flying [sic] hours to date were 828 by day and 677 by night.&#13;
&#13;
In October two night raids and practises were carried out with Loran navigational aid to bombing. This meant using two transmitters and low wave frequency emissions for triangulation. An in November 'Blind Loran' navigation was used for bombing over Berlin with a 4000lb bomb. At this point he gained a 'Bar' for his DFC, recognising his length of service and number of Operations.&#13;
&#13;
In December, after a year with Bomber Command, there were Operations 104 and 105. There were exercises with formation flying and low level bombing with 2 x 4000lb bombs being dropped on Duisberg and Mannheim.&#13;
&#13;
Then in January 1945 came his most demanding flight. There had been a number of exercises for low level bombing and then on 1st of January there was a low level attack on a railway tunnel south of Cochem in the Moselle Valley using 1 x 4000lb bomb. For the next two weeks, over Magdeburg, they were “stoking fires of heavy attack from night before”.&#13;
&#13;
Squadron Leader E J Saunders was awarded the Distinguished Service Order on 27th of February 1945.&#13;
&#13;
[page break]&#13;
&#13;
[black and white photograph]&#13;
&#13;
This is Commander in Chief 'Bomber' Harris and on the 17th January 1945 he sent a telegram to Daddy, which stated.&#13;
&#13;
“My warmest congratulations on the award of your Distinguished Service Order”, Air chief Marshall A t (Bomber) Harris.&#13;
&#13;
Amongst the paperwork is also a note from King George VI who apologised for not being able to personally give the award.&#13;
&#13;
At the end of February 1945, after 846.45 hours of daytime flying 697.15 hours by night, on this occasion Daddy signed his own logbook as Officer commanding.&#13;
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              <text>In August and September 1943 Daddy was with 512 Squadron and there were more transportation flights in Dakotas but the routes had changed a little, Telergma (Constantine), Tunis, Monastir, Sfax, Maison Blanche, La Senia, Blida and Gibraltar. He occasionally flew as a 2nd pilot. There was a single flight to Reykjavik from Hendon via Prestwick on the 27th of August but no details are given.&#13;
&#13;
Then in October he went to 271  Squadron. This involved flying in a lot of different planes around the British Isles; Harrows, Oxfords, Dominies, Tigers, Dakotas and Proctors...flying to Doncaster, Tollerton, Dunfries, Renfrew, Errol and Donibristle. There were circuits and 'bumps' and weather tests.&#13;
&#13;
He talked about being given a role of instructor during this time, which he really disliked and it appears that he asked to return to active service and so there was the move to Bomber Command.&#13;
&#13;
On the 12th of December he joined 627 Squadron, Oakington Cambridge, no doubt with apprehension and excitement, flying new planes and being fully involved in this decisive phase of the war.&#13;
&#13;
627 Squadron had been formed just a month earlier and was part of Pathfinder Force (PFF) within Bomber Command, famous for reconnaissance and plotting the routes to be taken by bombers. 'Bomber' Harris was their Colonel in Chief.&#13;
&#13;
The fast, unarmed manoeuvrable Mosquitos were initially taken through many air tests and landings. Daddy's last war operation had been in December 1942 and it's hard to imagine how he felt at this point but he always said that he had a”...really good war”...and as a young man excited by flying, to be part of this elite group must have been everything that he wanted.&#13;
&#13;
The de [sic] Havilland Mosquito Mark 1 was a twin-engine fighter-bomber, the fastest and most agile plane in the sky. It was unarmed, to reduce weight and was sent to take photographs or drop bombs and get away quickly. Despite being make of wood and canvas this was the plane all the young airmen wanted to be in.&#13;
&#13;
Two weeks after joining the Squadron, on Boxing Day he carried out War Operations 46 and 47, bombing Duisberg and Cologne with 4 x 500lb bombs.&#13;
&#13;
[page break]&#13;
&#13;
[black and white photograph]&#13;
&#13;
Members of 627 Squadron in front of a De Havilland Mosquito. Flight Lieutenant Navigator Ernest Saunders is 7th from the right, back row.&#13;
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A the end of 1943 he returned to Bomber Command, 627 Squadron.&#13;
There is a photograph of the squadron grouped in front of a Mosquito.</text>
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              <text>During January 1944 he was based in North Weald, Hendon and Boxted flying War Operations 48 to 53 and bombing across Germany; Hamburg, Duisberg, Magdeburg, Berlin, dropping 500lb bombs.&#13;
&#13;
In February he moved to 692 Squadron and stayed there until the end of August 1944. This Squadron was specifically involved in bombing into Germany and Berlin, Daddy carried out one of the first drops of a 1x 400lb bomb. Then there was the bombing of Frankfurt, Berlin and Augsberg.&#13;
&#13;
“In February 1944, an entirely Mosquito raid was successfully carried out against Düsseldorf. It was formed of the usual marker aircraft from 105 Squadron, 692 Squadron Mosquitos each carrying a single 4,000 lb 'cookie' and backup aircraft with 500 lb delayed action bombs.”&#13;
&#13;
692 Squadron was formed at Graveley, Huntingdonshire on 1st January 1944. It was equipped with Mosquito light bombers and became part of the force of fast, high-flying night raiders, the Light Night Striking Force of No 8 (PFF) Group. They made a name for themselves with regular journeys to Berlin, hitting the German capital again and again with up to 4 x 500 lb bombs.&#13;
&#13;
Total Flying Hours to date 793.40 by day and 533.50 by night.&#13;
&#13;
Through March and April 1944, with a few flights with 571 Squadron, the 400lb 'cookie' bombs were being dropped regularly, firstly and famously over Düsseldorf as well as Hannover, Hamburg and Dortmund.&#13;
&#13;
The Drops continued into August, attacking Cologne, Berlin, Bremmen, Metz, Saarbruchen, Hannover, Gelsenkirchen, Osnabruck and Stuttgart. The bombing was relentless and by the end of August he had flown more than 10 times to Berlin, dropping bombs.&#13;
&#13;
By Operation 97 there are details of accuracy of the bombing, errors being 260 to 99 yards at 20,000 feet and some flights are specifically 'dummy' ones, either in the UK or across other regions of Germany, practising for the major bomb drops.&#13;
&#13;
[page break]&#13;
&#13;
[black and white photograph]&#13;
&#13;
692 Squadron.&#13;
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              <text>In March 1945 he received a letter from his old school, the Whitgift, “...feel once again the reflected glory which we all experience in this great honour....may you be able to render further service to our country...”&#13;
&#13;
This is the citation for the DSO;&#13;
&#13;
Sqn. Ldr. E. J. SAUNDERS, D.F.C., R.A.F.V.R., No. 128 Sqn., These members of aircraft crew have completed very many sorties against enemy targets. On 1st January 1945, they were detailed for an operation which necessitated releasing heavy bombs from low level at openings to various tunnels on the enemy's railway system leading to the Western Front. The mission called for a high degree of skill. The good results obtained reflect the greatest credit on the efforts of the personnel mentioned, who throughout a dangerous and difficult sortie, displayed exceptional ability, great determination and devotion to duty.&#13;
&#13;
From March to May 1945, he flew with 109 Operational Training Unit B Flight. Here Daddy trained further in Navigation and as an instructor. On 22nd May he got his final certificate for the Transport Operational Training Course. After this there was a gap but in July 1945 he travelled as a passenger to Marseille (Ystre), Luqua, El Adem and Cairo but we don't know why.&#13;
&#13;
During August he was with 216 Squadron navigating transport flights all round the Mediterranean and further afield. He flew in Dakotas, Fairey Battles, Tiger Moths, Mosquitos and many more in 2 and 3 hour flights. They went to Almazza, Lydda, Hasbaniya, Bahrein, Shaiba, Karachi, Masira, Naples, Luqua Heliopolis, Ras El Hard, Mauripur, Khartoum, Juba, Nairobi, Durban, Zwartop. Transvaal and Rhodesia, Tanganyika and of course Wadi Halfa, Almaza and Asmara.&#13;
&#13;
And so it went on into January 1946 and the end of his war. His total flying hours of 1968.55 were impressive, with daytime hours of 1194.30 and 774.25 of nightime.&#13;
&#13;
[page break]&#13;
&#13;
[three black and white photographs]&#13;
&#13;
On the 9th of January 1946 his [sic] made his final official flight, from Luqa [sic] to Heliopolis, a flight of 6.30 hours. Below the 'Grand Total' of hours he wrote “Finis”.&#13;
&#13;
By this time he had met Mummy, there are several romantic and touching notes sent to her from many far away places.&#13;
&#13;
We have postcards from 1945 sent from Asmara and Malta by Daddy to Mummy and his Christmas card from 1945.&#13;
&#13;
“...for though I would fly in the air as an eagle, or though I were the messenger of Jupiter, yet would I have recourse to rest with thee; and I swear by the knot of thy amiable hair, that since the first time I saw thee, I never favoured any other person...”&#13;
&#13;
Sargeant [sic] Peggy Saunders had been stationed in Huntingdon, working one day in the NAAFI cinema, she had handed him his ticket!&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
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There are three photographs of his wife.</text>
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              <text>Sagitta.&#13;
&#13;
From January to Feb.ruary 1942, he was with 38 Squadron based in Shalluffa, north of Suez, Egypt. He was trained to carry out night torpedo attacks on enemy shipping in the Mediterranean, a duty he carried out from March to October 1942. The end of Axis resistance in North Africa meant that the Squadron had to fly further afield to find its targets, att[photograph]&#13;
acking enemy ships along the coasts of Italy and the Balkans.&#13;
&#13;
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&#13;
On 24th May 1942 he carried out his War Operation number 1 with ‘A’ Flight 38 Squadron in a Wellington based in Shallufa, north of Suez, Egypt. He carried out mine laying 12 miles south of Benghazi.&#13;
&#13;
Such flights involved night flying with a total of 6 hours, 50 minutes flight each time. The training flights were interspersed with operational ones.&#13;
&#13;
On the 5th June 1942 there was further mine laying off Benghazi with a forced landing after damage from flak. This was War Operation 3.&#13;
&#13;
And here is the lamp project. [three photographs]&#13;
&#13;
[page break]&#13;
&#13;
[two photographs]&#13;
&#13;
[points of conduct leaflet]&#13;
&#13;
Here are some pictures of the base at Shallufa where they seemed to have a good time. They played tennis, smoked pipes, rode motor bikes, wore big shorts and had their “points of conduct when meeting Arab peoples in the desert”&#13;
&#13;
[three photographs]&#13;
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Photo 6 is Sam and colleague in khaki and shorts.&#13;
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&#13;
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&#13;
On the 16th January 1940, Daddy joined the Royal Air Force and he travelled to Canada for training as a navigator under the Joint Air Training Plan. He was 22years old. He actually volunteered for flying duties saying he had “some hope” of managing this. In April 1940, he went to RAF Uxbridge for tests and was selected as an RAF Navigator. In September, he went to Aberystwyth for training with drills and lectures. He was a leading Aircraftman (LAC).&#13;
&#13;
In December 1940, he sailed for Canada, for training with the Commonwealth Training Scheme. This appears to be the boat that he travelled across the Atlantic on, we don’t know exactly when but from wherever he landed he travelled on to Winnipeg. There he started flying Ansons and he also found snow……&#13;
&#13;
[page break]&#13;
&#13;
[photograph] &#13;
&#13;
This must be one of the first flights that he made, a great smile on his face, so eager. Casual and posing against the engine, very cool.&#13;
&#13;
[photograph]&#13;
&#13;
The three mates… “Wag, Ramsay and I”.&#13;
&#13;
[photograph]&#13;
&#13;
And the plane.. “the flying greenhouse”.&#13;
&#13;
[photograph]&#13;
&#13;
In the album he says “Our flying suits get their first outing”.&#13;
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Photo 2 is a ship.&#13;
Photo 3 is Sam and friend leaning on an Anson. They are wearing Sidcot suits.&#13;
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Photo 6 is Sam and colleague wearing Sidcot suits for the first time.&#13;
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              <text>[photograph]&#13;
&#13;
OUR FIRST AEROPLANE JANUARY 1941&#13;
&#13;
He started at Stevenson Field in Winnipeg as an Air Observer in Flying Training. Then to McDonald with Bombing, Gunnery and more Flying Training. It was here that he got his ‘brevet’, aircrew badge, and flying stripes. At Rivers he passed his Astro course and was commissioned as a Pilot Officer. This basic training had taken over a year and he wasn’t qualified as a navigator until the 25th of March 1941. But here is their first aeroplane, he is 7th from the left. He was commissioned in 1941.&#13;
&#13;
[page break]&#13;
&#13;
[two photographs]&#13;
&#13;
No doubt there were a lot of exams taken, its difficult to imagine what navigation was like with no computer help. But someone was taking pictures and they all looked so diligent.&#13;
&#13;
[two photographs]&#13;
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Photo 1 is annotated 'Our First Aeroplane January 1941'. It is an Anson with a group of 42 airmen arranged in front.&#13;
Photo 2 is the backs of 11 or so airmen in a  classroom.&#13;
Photo 3 is two airmen working at desks.&#13;
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Photo 4 is a cartoon of a couple dancing. One man is on the floor with a flag in his hand. There is a bottle spilling liquid. It is sketched in chalk on a blackboard and titled '5 AOS A Flight March 1941'.</text>
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                <text>This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.</text>
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                <text>Steve Christian</text>
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