RAF Notebook - signals and sundry notes
Title
RAF Notebook - signals and sundry notes
Description
Includes notes on; RAF signals, equipment and organisation, purpose and function, facilities, R/T and W/T, uses, lists of stations and other notes.
Creator
Coverage
Language
Format
Multi-page notebook with handwritten notes
Publisher
Rights
This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
Contributor
Identifier
MRosserLV745193-190517-34
Transcription
[underlined] 745193 SGT. ROSSER [/underlined]
SIGNALS AND SUNDRY NOTES
Form 619.
ROYAL AIR FORCE
Small Notebook for use in Schools.
T.4154. Wt. IIIII. 2/39.
[page break]
[blank page]
[page break]
[underlined] Lost in flight, what signal would you send – write out as you would give it to your W/T operator addressed correctly to a Regional Control Station [/underlined]
T8YT8Y [inserted] } No of Control Station [/inserted]
V [inserted] – From [/inserted]
C2MA [inserted] } Pilots call number – A/C number [/inserted]
P [inserted] – Immediate [/inserted]
Control
QDM IMI [inserted] } What is my Main Course to reach you [/inserted]
Time 1030 – IAS 235
COURSE 301
HEIGHT 3000
MINS FUEL 95
[underlined] What are functions of the R.A.F. signals? [/underlined]
The R.A.F. signals operations provides for all the methods of W/T & R/T communication and of visual and sound signalling [sic] employed in the R.A.F. It also includes operation of sounder, teleprinter and remote control telegraph lines of apparatus employed purely in connection with the Air Force communication system & of all telephone lines and exchanges at R.A.F. stations and all electrical equipment in aircraft (except ignition) is installed and maintained by signals personnel. Co-operation with the Army and Navy, dispatch rider – letter service, pidgeons, [sic] dogs, rockets and aeroplanes are message carrying agencies.
[underlined] How would a message from this unit be passed to a fighter squadron stationed at Duxford? [/underlined]
By teleprinter or if necessary by W/T. or telegraph. If by W/T. this unit being in training command message will go to training command control station, then to fighter command
[page break]
control & is passed on to Duxford. If by teleprinter message is sent to control who is in direct communication by a control exchange with all main stations in R.A.F.
[underlined] What is meant by control station and what duties do they perform? [/underlined]
All R.A.F. commands are placed under general control of main stations. W/T. stations of each command are organized into sections to which different frequencies are allocated, each section is placed under the control of a control station, stations in different sections desiring to communicate one another must do so via there [sic] respective control station. Control stations are responsible for the efficient conduct of signalling [sic] among the stations for which they are responsible, the control station [underlined] must [/underlined] control the communication of its section under all circumstances. No station will voluntary [sic] close down without informing its control station. This rule applies equally to stations about to cease watch at the conclusion of their specified watch-keeping periods to a/c about to cease watch prior to landing and to mobile stations about to dismantle
[page break]
[underlined] You receive a message endorsed [deleted] by [/deleted] to be acknowledged, state fully how you would give your answer [/underlined]
To records from No. 12. S.F.T.S. your M.123 2/7 acknowledged
(Signature)
[underlined] How interstation interference eliminated in the R.A.F. & W/T. organization? [/underlined]
Intelligent cooperation of all W/T operations. Transmitting and receiving apparatus of stations should be kept adjusted to the highest possible degree of accuracy and selectively to the frequency ordered for each station. Frequency measuring instruments should be checked frequently, power used for any stations to make communication by W/T is to be limited to that necessary to enable accurate reception to be carried out by any station in the group or section. The strength of signals normally to be used is 7. The use of remotely control transmitters is for use of suppressing and servicing the correct use of procedure and regulations laid down in signal manual.
[page break]
[underlined] What are main details to be noted for making out a message for transmission? [/underlined]
A message is any communication dealt with by the signal service no matter by what means it may be transmitted in preparation due regard must be paid to the safeguarding of official information. Messages will always be sent by the cheapest method. The R.A.F. form will be used for all service messages (form 96 a for cypher) as a general rule all messages must be signed by an officer, this does not apply to a/c movement reports, this authorized degree priority only must be used. The reference number is to consist of a [deleted] sign [/deleted] single letter to signify the branch and a number of not more than three figures. Date in brackets after ref. number to be written 31/10, one word in each space. Punctuation in brackets except full stop and comma are not to be used. Date to be written in text as 31 OCT not 31/10. Times to be by 24 hr clock system. 2400 & 0000 must not be used, it must be 23.59 or 0001. Time of origin, signature in appropriate space the answer to a not w/t message message [sic] must also be not W/T. The term ‘addressed to’ is used to denote that the recipient has to take action whilst ‘repeated’
[page break]
is used to show that message is for information only. Names of places, persons and negative words are to be written in block letters. Signature is to show Rank. Name and appointment.
On Form 9.6 provided signal out an aircraft [deleted] of [/deleted] to another station.
[underlined] What is meant by originator’s reference letter? and what does it convey to you? [/underlined]
The originators ref. Number consists of a letter to indicate branch of origin followed by a figure or figures not exceeding 3 in number.
When are the words signal arrived used?
i When flights are made over the sea ii when called for by high authority iii when important personages are carried iv. when the inexperience of pilot vi nature of country and weather conditions call for same.
[underlined] Describe various forms of priority markings and authority required for authorization of same. [/underlined]
Highest degree is most immediate. Messages of vital importance and only to be used in times of strained relations or in war. Authority within the A/M. – members of Air Council only.
[page break]
Outside the A/M – the Air Officer Commanding in Chief or Air and other officer commanding independent commands. The procedure letters for most immediate – O.U. Emergency error OA. Application reports of limited air attack by formations and to be employed for no other purpose. Authority air or other officer commanding will issue instructions as to the application of this priority as circumstances dictate, authority may be dedicated to anyone detailed for this duty. Emergency – letter ‘O’. Operational messages of vital importance to be used in war or local warlike operations, authority staff officers not below Wing Commander or C/O of unit use may be dedicated for operational purposes through formation leader & section commander (armoured cars) and captains of single aircraft. Immediate – letter ‘P’ – message of supreme importance, operational messages of less importance than emergency, used in peace when risk of life is involved and reporting flying casualties through accidents, authority of staff officers not below Wing Commander, C/O or Adjutant of Unit in [indecipherable word] of C/O. Use may be delegated to Formation leader or [indecipherable word] Captain of single aircraft certain Met officers and officer I/C operation
[page break]
room.
Important – D. – Used for movements of a/c, weather report or requests of same when necessary, authority of staff officers not below Sqd/LDR or C/O, adjutant, duty pilot of a unit, officer I/C detachment & captain of single a/c.
[underlined] What are route marks and how can one make use of them. [/underlined]
The equi - signal track beacon consists centrally of a transmitter two loop aerials not at 90° to each other. The aerials are arranged in such a way that each sends out a letter which will interlock with a letter sent out by the other. Thus one aerial might transmit the letter ‘A’ and the other letter ’N’. If an a/c approaches along the exact track to the beacon a continuous note will be heard in the receiving telephones. If the a/c is on the left of its track the letter ’N’ might be received, if to right letter ‘A’.
Navigation along the definite route can be greatly simplified by the use of beacons initially spaced along the route. Pilot can keep a correct track by flying from one beacon to the next.
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[underlined] What use can a pilot make of his W/T installation as an aid to navigation? [/underlined]
[symbol] A pilot is able to obtain weather reports, bearings or fixes assistance in landing by V.H.F. }Lorenzo Z.Z. or D.T.C.
[symbol] Route markers provided apparatus fitted is suitable.
[underlined] Describe the Aircraft rotatable loop method of obtaining a bearing. [/underlined]
A loop aerial consisting of many turns of wire on a rotatable frame is mounted in the aircraft & connected to a receiving set. The receiver is tuned to any transmitting W/T station and the loop rotated until the minimum signal position is reached. A pointer coupled to the loop then indicates on a scale bearing of a W/T station relative to the aircraft’s head.
[underlined] Why is the minimum signal used for the determination of a bearing? [/underlined]
When the aerial is near the position where it will give maximum signal strength the change in signal strength is slight with the result that the determination of the actual maximum position is difficult owing
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to engine and other noises. On the other hand when aerial is near its minimum position although signals are weaker rate of change of signal strength is more marked. Hence apparatus is more sensitive near its minimum position. (ie. at right angles to the wave) than in the maximum position.
[underlined] How is this [arrow] bearing affected by quadrantal error? [/underlined]
A I/F loop in an aircraft is subject to errors caused by the presence of radio frequency currents in the metal work of aircraft itself. The existence of these currents [indecipherable word] the existence of [inserted] electro- [/inserted] magnetic fields which act on the D/F loop in addition to radiation field of the distant transmitter. The sum of the errors so caused is known as quadrantle [sic] error and is similar in some ways to deviations at the compass position. The present practice is to allow quadrantle [sic] error by calibrating the direction finder in the aircraft. A quadrantle correction card being then available.
[underlined] What is the effect of coastal refraction on bearing received? [/underlined]
The direction of an electro-magnetic wave
[page break]
may be deflected by any-one of a number of media through which the wave travels. One of the most important instances [deleted word] which arises in practical R/F in the passing of a radio wave over a coast line at an acute angle. Errors of from 3° – 4° in directions are common and errors of the order of 10° are possible. Generally speaking deviation of a wave by coastal refraction is not perceptible when the angle between the wave and the coast-line is less acute than about 20°.
Note – Velocity of wireless wave – 186,000 miles per second.
or 300,000,000 metres per second.
Length of wave = Velocity/Frequency in cycles = 2
Give names of stations performing duties of regional control stations
1/ Abington
2/ Boscombe down
x 3/ Evanton
4/ Kinloss
5/ Luchars [sic]
6/ Linton-on-Ouse
7/ Manston
8/ Mildenhall
x 9/ Pembroke dock
x 10/ St Eval
[page break]
x 11/ Sealand
x 12/ Silloth
13/ Waddington
14/ Wyton
x = Full facilities not yet available.
[underlined] When in communication with a regional control station state priorities used and reasons for same. [/underlined]
Emergency – S.O.S. – distress call
Immediate – Letter “P” – In urgent need of assistance.
Important – Letter “D” – Require help – not urgent.
Practice – Letter “X” – Used for exercise purposes.
[underlined] What facilities are available at regional control stations for night or fog landings. [/underlined]
1/ Weather reports
2/ Courses to steer (homing)
3/ Positions
4/ Route to other ‘dromes
5/ Blind approach methods – Z.Z. D.T.C. VHF. beacons
6/ Night lights fixed consist of 1/ neon beacon
2/ Obstruction lights
3/ Strip lighting on ‘drome using landing lamp
4/ Contact strip lighting
5/ Mobile lights – flares, floodlights, glim lamps, illuminated [indecipherable word].
[page break]
[underlined] State advantages & disadvantages of W/T compared with R/T [/underlined]
[underlined] Advantages of W/T over R/T. [/underlined]
[underlined] Longer range for given power [/underlined]
Causes less interference therefore more frequency channels available.
[underlined] Code or cypher messages can be passed faster and more accurately – message cannot be intercepted by unskilled personnel. [/underlined]
[underlined] Advantages of R/T over W/T. [/underlined]
No skilled operator required. Short messages or orders can be passed quickly and acted upon at once.
[underlined] Detail medium frequency D/F organization. [/underlined]
Groups of 2 or more stations working on aloted [sic] frequencies for the purpose of giving aircraft bearings or fixes. Aircraft calls the control using the appropriate signal. 2 or more stations take a bearing which are passed to the control who lays off the position and sends it to the aircraft. This should not take longer than 2 minutes.
[underlined] Describe 3 classes of D/F. bearings. [/underlined]
A/ [underlined] (first class [/underlined] bearing is one in which perfect zero or a clear sharply defined minimum is present & in which no interference is experienced over zero or minimum. Must be verified, if time does not permit of this it must be classified as second class. May be regarded as accurate within 2°
[page break]
B/ [underlined] Second class bearing [/underlined] is one in which minimum or equalization points are less well defined than in a first class but still are not sufficiently ill-defined to render bearing unreliable. A second class bearing is also one in which minimum is sharp as in “A” but in which interference is present over the zero. Maybe regarded as accurate within 5°.
C/ [underlined] Third class bearing [/underlined] is one in which minimum or equalization points are so ill-defined as to render difficult the calculation of the bearing. It is also one in which minimum is defined as in “A” or “B” but in which extreme interference is experienced over the zero. May be regarded as having an error of more than 5°.
2 types of D/F aerial used in R.A.F. – 1/ Marine – adcock
2/ Bellini – tosi
[underlined] Describe methods and reasons for bonding aircraft. [/underlined]
1/ To provide an earth system wireless } every single piece of metal is connected together to form a constant circuit so that all parts are kept at a common potential – this is known as bonding
2/ To eliminate higher risk in a/c } every single piece of metal is connected together to form a constant circuit so that all parts are kept at a common potential – this is known as bonding
[page break]
[underlined] Describe method of ignition screening and reason for its necessity. [/underlined]
1/ To prevent ignition currents interfering with the wireless apparatus in the a/c it is necessary to surround whole of ignition apparatus ie magneto’s, sparking plugs and wire connecting same with a metal covering which is earthed, this acts as screen and prevents electrical influence radiated from these parts from reaching the W/T sets.
[underlined] Give brief description of an electrical night flying test (Pilots). [/underlined]
Check form 700
Run up engine and check engine-driven generator
See that crew know correct operation of charging switch
Switch on and test navigation, cockpit & identification lights
Check landing lamp.
See flares are fitted.
[underlined] What precautions must pilot observe if his W/T operator is using a trailing aerial? [/underlined]
Aerials when not in use or when heavy static is experienced must be earthed by means of earthing switch. Pilots’ must not give permission to reel
[page break]
out the aerial until they are clear of all obstructions giving due regard to any accompanying a/c. A/c must not perform aerobatics. Aerial must be reeled in before landing.
[underlined] State action to be taken when it is discovered that acid has been spilt from [deleted word] an accumulator in a/c [/underlined]
Place a/c U.S. Report to N.C.O. i/c. flight & N.C.O. i/c. signals. Clean off any spilt acid carefully and neutralize with bi-carbonate of soda. Scrub affected parts thoroughly.
[underlined] State what you know about regional control station with reference to D/F and assistance that can be given you. [/underlined]
Each regional control station has a high frequency I/F station. Each station uses a different frequency, they are available to [deleted] you if [/deleted] give a/c bearings, courses to steer (A) positions & assist a/c to land by the live approach method.
[page break]
[underlined] Synchronized Stations (M/F) [/underlined]
[underlined] Section D. [/underlined]
Receiving Stations are
Heston
Hull
Newcastle
Transmitting Stations are
Bristle [sic]
Manchester
Carlyle [sic]
[underlined] Section K. [/underlined]
Receiving Stations are
Hull
Heston
Renrew [sic]
Transmitting stations are
Borough Hill
Abingdon
Church Fenton
[page break]
[underlined] Non-Synchronized stations for for [sic] use of bomber command. [/underlined]
[underlined] Section A. [/underlined]
Manchester
Newton Ards [sic]
Andover
[underlined] Section E. [/underlined]
[deleted] Brim [/deleted] Plymbton [sic]
Bristol
Scillys
Portsmouth.
[underlined] Section M. [/underlined]
Sealand
Andover
Luchas [sic]
[underlined] Section G. [/underlined]
Birtram - Newton [sic]
Lympe [sic]
[underlined] Section H [/underlined]
Tangmere
Pullam
[underlined] Note. [/underlined] Besides providing information for bomber a/c stations are used for identification purposes.
[page break]
[underlined] Regional Control Stations have two W/T stations on different frequencies [/underlined]
1/ Guard & safety wave on which information is given and for passing weather, state of landing grounds etc. also for passing messages when out of touch with parent unit
2/ H/F D/F station on which control is given and bearing (may courses to steer on)
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[blank page]
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100%
yesid [symbol] wreop [symbol] adfsk [symbol] zemnb [symbol] kljhi [symbol] potre [symbol] ulaow [symbol] mbcas [symbol] kadty [symbol] gdfto [symbol] phiop [symbol] lastr [symbol] cfgrt [symbol] fiopr [symbol] wrmnd [symbol] loptr [symbol] cxzer [symbol] berpo [symbol] ghdfj [symbol] ziowe [symbol] tiwhf [symbol] lhkfd [symbol] uirtw [symbol] dfjsa [symbol] cakmn [symbol] jitxe [symbol]
[page break]
100%
The / bellini/tosi / system, in this system two large loop aerials usually triangular in shape are set up/at the ground station at right angles to one an other with the ir / planes lying respectively north and south and east and west.
99%
78341 [symbol] 16739 [symbol] 55809 [symbol] 32471 [symbol] 83597 [symbol] 35471 [symbol] 80133 [symbol] 57931 [symbol] 71532 [symbol] 86520 [symbol] 43970 [symbol] 26718 [symbol] 32179 [symbol] 57234 [symbol] 89569 [symbol] 36170 [symbol] 48758 [symbol] 35171 [symbol] 45785 [symbol] 71538 [symbol] 54617 [symbol] 93761 [symbol] 31960 [symbol] 14365 [symbol]
100
SQHIO [symbol] PLYXZ [symbol] fgbqc [symbol] jupwt [symbol] zplxy [symbol] sacho [symbol] eyush [symbol] rhxga [symbol] gvesk [symbol] qtpjd [symbol] spfjz [symbol] qlgup [symbol] oztcy [symbol] sqoih [symbol] yxzlp [symbol] bgtgf [symbol] pwciy [symbol] wgres [symbol] tdhyd [symbol]
[deleted] It two [/deleted]
And two of such
Are to last for the
But/in/l ate r/
This has been omitted
The contact
To vary the time ng
Ktreo sfwyx
[two deleted words]
50175 07144
[page break]
[blank page]
[page break]
reasons [indecipherable word] for running up.
temperature 90° oil is thin.
Lowest oil press. 60 lbs.
[page break]
[blank page]
[page break]
The/regeon-al[sic]/scheme/ of / air craft / control / has / been / designed / to / come / to / your /
100%
fpsky [symbol] klngs [symbol] hyflp [symbol] exgtm [symbol] acdyb [symbol] zsotc [symbol] ripos [symbol] dbwis [symbol] lattx [symbol] zpfhi [symbol]
14950 [symbol] 26538 [symbol] 90321 [symbol] 54278 [symbol] 39672 [symbol] 87614 [symbol] 52339 [symbol] 45127 [symbol] 83456 [symbol] 78126 [symbol]
Booking out aircraft. Messages reporting the movement of aircraft [deleted word] will be marked with priority imw grtant and dispatched through the/sta tion sign al / of /
[page break]
[blank page inside cover]
[page break]
Engines
Pages 107 & 108
Page 43 Para 2.
Section 1 Engines
Section 2 Carburation
Section 3 Object of Supercharging
Section 4 Starting & running of engines - Running faults
Section 5 Airscrew
[a] OPERATION [b] MERLIN III [c] CHEETAH IX
[a] TAKE OFF & CLIMB TO 1000 FT. [b] 3000 r.p.m. (II – 2850) AT + 6 1/4 LBS/[symbol]” BOOST [c] 2100 MAX 1925 MIN + 2 1/2 lbs/[symbol]” BOOST
[a] MAX. CLIMBING (OVER 1000 ft.) [b] 2600 R.P.M. AT + 6 1/4 lbs/[symbol]” BOOST [c] 2100 r.p.m. AT + 1/2 lb. [symbol]” BOOST
[a] MAX. “ALL OUT” LEVEL FLIGHT (5 min Limit) [b] 3000 R.P.M. AT 6 1/4 lbs [symbol]” BOOST [c] 2,425 R.P.M. AT + 1/2lb. BOOST
[a] MAX. CRUISING IN RICH MIXTURE [b] 2600 R.P.M. AT + 4 1/2 lbs. BOOST [c] 2100 R.P.M. AT -1/4 lb. BOOST
[a] MAX. CRUISING IN ECONOMICAL MIXTURE I.E. MIXTURE CONTROL “WEAK” [b] 2600 R.P.M. AT + 2 1/4 LBS. BOOST [c] 2100 R.P.M. AT - 1 LBS BOOST
[a] RECOMMENDED FOR CONTINUOUS CRUISING [b] 0 TO + 1 lbs. BOOST [c] - 2 lbs. BOOST
[page break]
[blank page back cover]
SIGNALS AND SUNDRY NOTES
Form 619.
ROYAL AIR FORCE
Small Notebook for use in Schools.
T.4154. Wt. IIIII. 2/39.
[page break]
[blank page]
[page break]
[underlined] Lost in flight, what signal would you send – write out as you would give it to your W/T operator addressed correctly to a Regional Control Station [/underlined]
T8YT8Y [inserted] } No of Control Station [/inserted]
V [inserted] – From [/inserted]
C2MA [inserted] } Pilots call number – A/C number [/inserted]
P [inserted] – Immediate [/inserted]
Control
QDM IMI [inserted] } What is my Main Course to reach you [/inserted]
Time 1030 – IAS 235
COURSE 301
HEIGHT 3000
MINS FUEL 95
[underlined] What are functions of the R.A.F. signals? [/underlined]
The R.A.F. signals operations provides for all the methods of W/T & R/T communication and of visual and sound signalling [sic] employed in the R.A.F. It also includes operation of sounder, teleprinter and remote control telegraph lines of apparatus employed purely in connection with the Air Force communication system & of all telephone lines and exchanges at R.A.F. stations and all electrical equipment in aircraft (except ignition) is installed and maintained by signals personnel. Co-operation with the Army and Navy, dispatch rider – letter service, pidgeons, [sic] dogs, rockets and aeroplanes are message carrying agencies.
[underlined] How would a message from this unit be passed to a fighter squadron stationed at Duxford? [/underlined]
By teleprinter or if necessary by W/T. or telegraph. If by W/T. this unit being in training command message will go to training command control station, then to fighter command
[page break]
control & is passed on to Duxford. If by teleprinter message is sent to control who is in direct communication by a control exchange with all main stations in R.A.F.
[underlined] What is meant by control station and what duties do they perform? [/underlined]
All R.A.F. commands are placed under general control of main stations. W/T. stations of each command are organized into sections to which different frequencies are allocated, each section is placed under the control of a control station, stations in different sections desiring to communicate one another must do so via there [sic] respective control station. Control stations are responsible for the efficient conduct of signalling [sic] among the stations for which they are responsible, the control station [underlined] must [/underlined] control the communication of its section under all circumstances. No station will voluntary [sic] close down without informing its control station. This rule applies equally to stations about to cease watch at the conclusion of their specified watch-keeping periods to a/c about to cease watch prior to landing and to mobile stations about to dismantle
[page break]
[underlined] You receive a message endorsed [deleted] by [/deleted] to be acknowledged, state fully how you would give your answer [/underlined]
To records from No. 12. S.F.T.S. your M.123 2/7 acknowledged
(Signature)
[underlined] How interstation interference eliminated in the R.A.F. & W/T. organization? [/underlined]
Intelligent cooperation of all W/T operations. Transmitting and receiving apparatus of stations should be kept adjusted to the highest possible degree of accuracy and selectively to the frequency ordered for each station. Frequency measuring instruments should be checked frequently, power used for any stations to make communication by W/T is to be limited to that necessary to enable accurate reception to be carried out by any station in the group or section. The strength of signals normally to be used is 7. The use of remotely control transmitters is for use of suppressing and servicing the correct use of procedure and regulations laid down in signal manual.
[page break]
[underlined] What are main details to be noted for making out a message for transmission? [/underlined]
A message is any communication dealt with by the signal service no matter by what means it may be transmitted in preparation due regard must be paid to the safeguarding of official information. Messages will always be sent by the cheapest method. The R.A.F. form will be used for all service messages (form 96 a for cypher) as a general rule all messages must be signed by an officer, this does not apply to a/c movement reports, this authorized degree priority only must be used. The reference number is to consist of a [deleted] sign [/deleted] single letter to signify the branch and a number of not more than three figures. Date in brackets after ref. number to be written 31/10, one word in each space. Punctuation in brackets except full stop and comma are not to be used. Date to be written in text as 31 OCT not 31/10. Times to be by 24 hr clock system. 2400 & 0000 must not be used, it must be 23.59 or 0001. Time of origin, signature in appropriate space the answer to a not w/t message message [sic] must also be not W/T. The term ‘addressed to’ is used to denote that the recipient has to take action whilst ‘repeated’
[page break]
is used to show that message is for information only. Names of places, persons and negative words are to be written in block letters. Signature is to show Rank. Name and appointment.
On Form 9.6 provided signal out an aircraft [deleted] of [/deleted] to another station.
[underlined] What is meant by originator’s reference letter? and what does it convey to you? [/underlined]
The originators ref. Number consists of a letter to indicate branch of origin followed by a figure or figures not exceeding 3 in number.
When are the words signal arrived used?
i When flights are made over the sea ii when called for by high authority iii when important personages are carried iv. when the inexperience of pilot vi nature of country and weather conditions call for same.
[underlined] Describe various forms of priority markings and authority required for authorization of same. [/underlined]
Highest degree is most immediate. Messages of vital importance and only to be used in times of strained relations or in war. Authority within the A/M. – members of Air Council only.
[page break]
Outside the A/M – the Air Officer Commanding in Chief or Air and other officer commanding independent commands. The procedure letters for most immediate – O.U. Emergency error OA. Application reports of limited air attack by formations and to be employed for no other purpose. Authority air or other officer commanding will issue instructions as to the application of this priority as circumstances dictate, authority may be dedicated to anyone detailed for this duty. Emergency – letter ‘O’. Operational messages of vital importance to be used in war or local warlike operations, authority staff officers not below Wing Commander or C/O of unit use may be dedicated for operational purposes through formation leader & section commander (armoured cars) and captains of single aircraft. Immediate – letter ‘P’ – message of supreme importance, operational messages of less importance than emergency, used in peace when risk of life is involved and reporting flying casualties through accidents, authority of staff officers not below Wing Commander, C/O or Adjutant of Unit in [indecipherable word] of C/O. Use may be delegated to Formation leader or [indecipherable word] Captain of single aircraft certain Met officers and officer I/C operation
[page break]
room.
Important – D. – Used for movements of a/c, weather report or requests of same when necessary, authority of staff officers not below Sqd/LDR or C/O, adjutant, duty pilot of a unit, officer I/C detachment & captain of single a/c.
[underlined] What are route marks and how can one make use of them. [/underlined]
The equi - signal track beacon consists centrally of a transmitter two loop aerials not at 90° to each other. The aerials are arranged in such a way that each sends out a letter which will interlock with a letter sent out by the other. Thus one aerial might transmit the letter ‘A’ and the other letter ’N’. If an a/c approaches along the exact track to the beacon a continuous note will be heard in the receiving telephones. If the a/c is on the left of its track the letter ’N’ might be received, if to right letter ‘A’.
Navigation along the definite route can be greatly simplified by the use of beacons initially spaced along the route. Pilot can keep a correct track by flying from one beacon to the next.
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[underlined] What use can a pilot make of his W/T installation as an aid to navigation? [/underlined]
[symbol] A pilot is able to obtain weather reports, bearings or fixes assistance in landing by V.H.F. }Lorenzo Z.Z. or D.T.C.
[symbol] Route markers provided apparatus fitted is suitable.
[underlined] Describe the Aircraft rotatable loop method of obtaining a bearing. [/underlined]
A loop aerial consisting of many turns of wire on a rotatable frame is mounted in the aircraft & connected to a receiving set. The receiver is tuned to any transmitting W/T station and the loop rotated until the minimum signal position is reached. A pointer coupled to the loop then indicates on a scale bearing of a W/T station relative to the aircraft’s head.
[underlined] Why is the minimum signal used for the determination of a bearing? [/underlined]
When the aerial is near the position where it will give maximum signal strength the change in signal strength is slight with the result that the determination of the actual maximum position is difficult owing
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to engine and other noises. On the other hand when aerial is near its minimum position although signals are weaker rate of change of signal strength is more marked. Hence apparatus is more sensitive near its minimum position. (ie. at right angles to the wave) than in the maximum position.
[underlined] How is this [arrow] bearing affected by quadrantal error? [/underlined]
A I/F loop in an aircraft is subject to errors caused by the presence of radio frequency currents in the metal work of aircraft itself. The existence of these currents [indecipherable word] the existence of [inserted] electro- [/inserted] magnetic fields which act on the D/F loop in addition to radiation field of the distant transmitter. The sum of the errors so caused is known as quadrantle [sic] error and is similar in some ways to deviations at the compass position. The present practice is to allow quadrantle [sic] error by calibrating the direction finder in the aircraft. A quadrantle correction card being then available.
[underlined] What is the effect of coastal refraction on bearing received? [/underlined]
The direction of an electro-magnetic wave
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may be deflected by any-one of a number of media through which the wave travels. One of the most important instances [deleted word] which arises in practical R/F in the passing of a radio wave over a coast line at an acute angle. Errors of from 3° – 4° in directions are common and errors of the order of 10° are possible. Generally speaking deviation of a wave by coastal refraction is not perceptible when the angle between the wave and the coast-line is less acute than about 20°.
Note – Velocity of wireless wave – 186,000 miles per second.
or 300,000,000 metres per second.
Length of wave = Velocity/Frequency in cycles = 2
Give names of stations performing duties of regional control stations
1/ Abington
2/ Boscombe down
x 3/ Evanton
4/ Kinloss
5/ Luchars [sic]
6/ Linton-on-Ouse
7/ Manston
8/ Mildenhall
x 9/ Pembroke dock
x 10/ St Eval
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x 11/ Sealand
x 12/ Silloth
13/ Waddington
14/ Wyton
x = Full facilities not yet available.
[underlined] When in communication with a regional control station state priorities used and reasons for same. [/underlined]
Emergency – S.O.S. – distress call
Immediate – Letter “P” – In urgent need of assistance.
Important – Letter “D” – Require help – not urgent.
Practice – Letter “X” – Used for exercise purposes.
[underlined] What facilities are available at regional control stations for night or fog landings. [/underlined]
1/ Weather reports
2/ Courses to steer (homing)
3/ Positions
4/ Route to other ‘dromes
5/ Blind approach methods – Z.Z. D.T.C. VHF. beacons
6/ Night lights fixed consist of 1/ neon beacon
2/ Obstruction lights
3/ Strip lighting on ‘drome using landing lamp
4/ Contact strip lighting
5/ Mobile lights – flares, floodlights, glim lamps, illuminated [indecipherable word].
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[underlined] State advantages & disadvantages of W/T compared with R/T [/underlined]
[underlined] Advantages of W/T over R/T. [/underlined]
[underlined] Longer range for given power [/underlined]
Causes less interference therefore more frequency channels available.
[underlined] Code or cypher messages can be passed faster and more accurately – message cannot be intercepted by unskilled personnel. [/underlined]
[underlined] Advantages of R/T over W/T. [/underlined]
No skilled operator required. Short messages or orders can be passed quickly and acted upon at once.
[underlined] Detail medium frequency D/F organization. [/underlined]
Groups of 2 or more stations working on aloted [sic] frequencies for the purpose of giving aircraft bearings or fixes. Aircraft calls the control using the appropriate signal. 2 or more stations take a bearing which are passed to the control who lays off the position and sends it to the aircraft. This should not take longer than 2 minutes.
[underlined] Describe 3 classes of D/F. bearings. [/underlined]
A/ [underlined] (first class [/underlined] bearing is one in which perfect zero or a clear sharply defined minimum is present & in which no interference is experienced over zero or minimum. Must be verified, if time does not permit of this it must be classified as second class. May be regarded as accurate within 2°
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B/ [underlined] Second class bearing [/underlined] is one in which minimum or equalization points are less well defined than in a first class but still are not sufficiently ill-defined to render bearing unreliable. A second class bearing is also one in which minimum is sharp as in “A” but in which interference is present over the zero. Maybe regarded as accurate within 5°.
C/ [underlined] Third class bearing [/underlined] is one in which minimum or equalization points are so ill-defined as to render difficult the calculation of the bearing. It is also one in which minimum is defined as in “A” or “B” but in which extreme interference is experienced over the zero. May be regarded as having an error of more than 5°.
2 types of D/F aerial used in R.A.F. – 1/ Marine – adcock
2/ Bellini – tosi
[underlined] Describe methods and reasons for bonding aircraft. [/underlined]
1/ To provide an earth system wireless } every single piece of metal is connected together to form a constant circuit so that all parts are kept at a common potential – this is known as bonding
2/ To eliminate higher risk in a/c } every single piece of metal is connected together to form a constant circuit so that all parts are kept at a common potential – this is known as bonding
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[underlined] Describe method of ignition screening and reason for its necessity. [/underlined]
1/ To prevent ignition currents interfering with the wireless apparatus in the a/c it is necessary to surround whole of ignition apparatus ie magneto’s, sparking plugs and wire connecting same with a metal covering which is earthed, this acts as screen and prevents electrical influence radiated from these parts from reaching the W/T sets.
[underlined] Give brief description of an electrical night flying test (Pilots). [/underlined]
Check form 700
Run up engine and check engine-driven generator
See that crew know correct operation of charging switch
Switch on and test navigation, cockpit & identification lights
Check landing lamp.
See flares are fitted.
[underlined] What precautions must pilot observe if his W/T operator is using a trailing aerial? [/underlined]
Aerials when not in use or when heavy static is experienced must be earthed by means of earthing switch. Pilots’ must not give permission to reel
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out the aerial until they are clear of all obstructions giving due regard to any accompanying a/c. A/c must not perform aerobatics. Aerial must be reeled in before landing.
[underlined] State action to be taken when it is discovered that acid has been spilt from [deleted word] an accumulator in a/c [/underlined]
Place a/c U.S. Report to N.C.O. i/c. flight & N.C.O. i/c. signals. Clean off any spilt acid carefully and neutralize with bi-carbonate of soda. Scrub affected parts thoroughly.
[underlined] State what you know about regional control station with reference to D/F and assistance that can be given you. [/underlined]
Each regional control station has a high frequency I/F station. Each station uses a different frequency, they are available to [deleted] you if [/deleted] give a/c bearings, courses to steer (A) positions & assist a/c to land by the live approach method.
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[underlined] Synchronized Stations (M/F) [/underlined]
[underlined] Section D. [/underlined]
Receiving Stations are
Heston
Hull
Newcastle
Transmitting Stations are
Bristle [sic]
Manchester
Carlyle [sic]
[underlined] Section K. [/underlined]
Receiving Stations are
Hull
Heston
Renrew [sic]
Transmitting stations are
Borough Hill
Abingdon
Church Fenton
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[underlined] Non-Synchronized stations for for [sic] use of bomber command. [/underlined]
[underlined] Section A. [/underlined]
Manchester
Newton Ards [sic]
Andover
[underlined] Section E. [/underlined]
[deleted] Brim [/deleted] Plymbton [sic]
Bristol
Scillys
Portsmouth.
[underlined] Section M. [/underlined]
Sealand
Andover
Luchas [sic]
[underlined] Section G. [/underlined]
Birtram - Newton [sic]
Lympe [sic]
[underlined] Section H [/underlined]
Tangmere
Pullam
[underlined] Note. [/underlined] Besides providing information for bomber a/c stations are used for identification purposes.
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[underlined] Regional Control Stations have two W/T stations on different frequencies [/underlined]
1/ Guard & safety wave on which information is given and for passing weather, state of landing grounds etc. also for passing messages when out of touch with parent unit
2/ H/F D/F station on which control is given and bearing (may courses to steer on)
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100%
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The / bellini/tosi / system, in this system two large loop aerials usually triangular in shape are set up/at the ground station at right angles to one an other with the ir / planes lying respectively north and south and east and west.
99%
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100
SQHIO [symbol] PLYXZ [symbol] fgbqc [symbol] jupwt [symbol] zplxy [symbol] sacho [symbol] eyush [symbol] rhxga [symbol] gvesk [symbol] qtpjd [symbol] spfjz [symbol] qlgup [symbol] oztcy [symbol] sqoih [symbol] yxzlp [symbol] bgtgf [symbol] pwciy [symbol] wgres [symbol] tdhyd [symbol]
[deleted] It two [/deleted]
And two of such
Are to last for the
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This has been omitted
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To vary the time ng
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[two deleted words]
50175 07144
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reasons [indecipherable word] for running up.
temperature 90° oil is thin.
Lowest oil press. 60 lbs.
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The/regeon-al[sic]/scheme/ of / air craft / control / has / been / designed / to / come / to / your /
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fpsky [symbol] klngs [symbol] hyflp [symbol] exgtm [symbol] acdyb [symbol] zsotc [symbol] ripos [symbol] dbwis [symbol] lattx [symbol] zpfhi [symbol]
14950 [symbol] 26538 [symbol] 90321 [symbol] 54278 [symbol] 39672 [symbol] 87614 [symbol] 52339 [symbol] 45127 [symbol] 83456 [symbol] 78126 [symbol]
Booking out aircraft. Messages reporting the movement of aircraft [deleted word] will be marked with priority imw grtant and dispatched through the/sta tion sign al / of /
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Engines
Pages 107 & 108
Page 43 Para 2.
Section 1 Engines
Section 2 Carburation
Section 3 Object of Supercharging
Section 4 Starting & running of engines - Running faults
Section 5 Airscrew
[a] OPERATION [b] MERLIN III [c] CHEETAH IX
[a] TAKE OFF & CLIMB TO 1000 FT. [b] 3000 r.p.m. (II – 2850) AT + 6 1/4 LBS/[symbol]” BOOST [c] 2100 MAX 1925 MIN + 2 1/2 lbs/[symbol]” BOOST
[a] MAX. CLIMBING (OVER 1000 ft.) [b] 2600 R.P.M. AT + 6 1/4 lbs/[symbol]” BOOST [c] 2100 r.p.m. AT + 1/2 lb. [symbol]” BOOST
[a] MAX. “ALL OUT” LEVEL FLIGHT (5 min Limit) [b] 3000 R.P.M. AT 6 1/4 lbs [symbol]” BOOST [c] 2,425 R.P.M. AT + 1/2lb. BOOST
[a] MAX. CRUISING IN RICH MIXTURE [b] 2600 R.P.M. AT + 4 1/2 lbs. BOOST [c] 2100 R.P.M. AT -1/4 lb. BOOST
[a] MAX. CRUISING IN ECONOMICAL MIXTURE I.E. MIXTURE CONTROL “WEAK” [b] 2600 R.P.M. AT + 2 1/4 LBS. BOOST [c] 2100 R.P.M. AT - 1 LBS BOOST
[a] RECOMMENDED FOR CONTINUOUS CRUISING [b] 0 TO + 1 lbs. BOOST [c] - 2 lbs. BOOST
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Collection
Citation
L V Rosser, “RAF Notebook - signals and sundry notes,” IBCC Digital Archive, accessed April 13, 2026, https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/collections/document/36709.